Page 283 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition
P. 283

274                                                   D. Rathore et al.

                   al.  et  and  Azapagic  al.  et  2010  al.  al.  et  al.  et  Stephenson et al.  and  2011  Dale  al.  et
               Reference  Spatari  (2005)  Stichnothe  (2009)  Sheehan  (2004)  et  Luo  Lardon  2009  Djomo  2008  2010  Sander  Murthy  2010  Emmenegger  al.  et  and  Kim  2005  Arvidsson  2011





               Country  Canada  UK  USA  USA  France  USA  UK  USA  Argentina  USA  USA


                   lower  emissions  GHG  %  saving  g  267  of  %  the  in  footprint  environmental  in  gas  lower  %  % emission  environmental  GHGs  in  in  and  eutrophication  GWP  the
               Environment  Potential  %  70  to  Up  GHG  92.5  to  Up  emission  Reduction  CO 2 /km  87  and  67  reductions  carbon  Significantly  decrease  impacts  Reduction  greenhouse  emissions  80  About  GWP  Up to 45  in  Shift  Petrol  problem  Reduction  Increase  acidification  half  About  diesel







               Reference  system  Low-sulfur  reformulated  gasoline  Gasoline  Gasoline  Gasoline  First-generation  and biodiesel  diesel  oil  peels  steam  Potato  for directly  fodder  animal  diesel  Fossil  diesel  Fossil  Conventional  Gasoline  Conventional







               System  boundary  Defined  Defined  Defined  Defined  Defined  Defined  Defined  Defined  Defined  Defined  Defined



               unit     MJ of fuel equivalent  MJ  1  of  kilogram  hydrogen  kilometer  land  arable  out  energy
               Functional  km  Per  km  ha/1  1  CO 2 e/MJ  g  Combustion  biodiesel  per  CO 2  g  of  produced  gCO 2 e/MJ  MJ  1,000  person  1  of  ha  1  kWh  1



                        grave  grave  grave  grave  grave  pump  grave  grave  grave

                   to   to    to  to   to     to   to  to   to   to     to
               System  adopted  Cradle  wheel  Cradle  Cradle  Cradle  Cradle  Cradle  Cradle  grave  Well  Cradle  Cradle  Cradle

                                                                 and  Biodiesel  vegetable  (biodiesel)

               Product  Ethanol  Ethanol  Ethanol  Ethanol  Biodiesel  Hydrogen  Biodiesel  Biodiesel  Biodiesel  Bioethanol  Hydrotreated  oil
             (continued)    waste  Algae      peels                     palm,




             1       stover  corn  and  biodegradable  municipal  stover  steam  soybean  oil  jatropha
             Table  Feedstock  Switchgrass  and  Household  Corn  Blue-green  Microalgae  Potato  Microalgae  Microalgae  Rapeseed  Corn,  Rapeseed,
   278   279   280   281   282   283   284   285   286   287   288