Page 84 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

4.4 LCSA development in two decades of practice: A case study anthology 79

FIG. 4.13 LCSA of different technologies for recovery of DMSO (Zaja ´ros et al., 2018).

European Life Cycle Database (ELCD). The authors used energy for transportation and prep-
aration of concrete (petrol, oil, diesel, and electricity), data were derived from other studies
(Yang et al., 2002; Yang, 2003). Environmental impact assessment method used was Eco-
indicator 99 (EI99). In addition to the sustainability dimensions, the authors used Monte Carlo
simulation approach to calculate reliability of individual members in the structure whiles the
probabilistic network evaluation technique (PNET) was used to calculate the reliability of the
whole structure.
From their case study, the best addition of FA for social impact is 40%. From the environ-
mental dimension, the strength of concrete decreased with increasing amounts of FA. In
terms of economic impact, the optimal substitution of FA ranges from 20% to 40%. The reli-
ability of the upper, lower, and whole system fluctuated with FA substitutions, but the
highest initial reliabilities were obtained for 30% FA substitutes. The reliability index
(β T ¼4.3449) for the whole structure without maintenance for 30% FA replacement
corresponded to a service life of a little over 50years. When all the three sustainability dimen-
sions were combined, 30% substitution of cement with FA significantly reduced environmen-
tal, economic, and social impacts (Fig. 4.14).

4.4.7 Electricity generation systems
LCSA has been applied to assess the sustainability of one or more electricity systems in
many countries such as United Kingdom, Greece, Portugal, and the United Kingdom.

4.4.7.1 Electricity generations options in the United Kingdom
Stamford and Azapagic (2012) assessed electricity generation options for the United King-
dom using LCSA from “cradle-to-grave.” The electricity options are coal (pulverized), gas