Page 7 - Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels

viii Contents

3.5 Effect of fermentation inhibitors 96
3.6 Conclusion 108
References 108
Further reading 124

4. Lignocellulosic biomass to biodiesel 127
Gaetano Zuccaro, Domenico Pirozzi and Abu Yousuf
4.1 Introduction 127
4.2 Potentiality of lignocellulosic biomass as a source of biodiesel 128
4.3 Pathway: lignocellulosic biomass to lipids 133
4.4 Preprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass (mechanical, chemical,
and biological) 135
4.5 Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass 135
4.6 Oleaginous strains and their productivity 143
4.7 Fermentation process 150
4.8 Extraction of microbial lipids 153
4.9 Catalysts for biodiesel synthesis 156
4.10 Genetic and metabolic engineering of microbes 157
4.11 Future prospects and conclusions 158
References 159
Further reading 167

5. Biobutanol from lignocellulosic biomass: bioprocess strategies 169
Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja, Sutha Shobana, Sundaram Arvindnarayan,
Manokaran Vadivel, A.E. Atabani, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi and
Gopalakrishnan Kumar
5.1 Introduction 169
5.2 Brief summary on lignocellulosic biomass material properties and
their chemical compositions 171
5.3 Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks 172
5.4 Biobutanol as a valuable fuel and chemical source 175
5.5 Production of biobutanol through microbial or acetone, butanol, and
ethanol fermentation process 185
5.6 Concluding remarks and future outlook 185
References 187

6. Syngas fermentation to bioethanol 195
Minhaj Uddin Monir, Abu Yousuf and Azrina Abd Aziz
6.1 Introduction 196
6.2 Fermenter for syngas fermentation 201