Page 8 - Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels

Contents ix

6.3 Microbial pathway for acetic acid and ethanol production 205
6.4 Syngas impurities 206
6.5 Syngas purification 209
6.6 Factors affecting syngas fermentation 210
6.7 Roles of nanoparticles on syngas fermentation 211
6.8 Integrated biorefinery 212
6.9 Conclusion 212
References 213

7. Fischer Tropsch synthesis of syngas to liquid hydrocarbons 217
Sanjeet Mehariya, Angela Iovine, Patrizia Casella, Dino Musmarra,
Alberto Figoli, Tiziana Marino, Neeta Sharma and Antonio Molino
7.1 Introduction 217
7.2 Fischer Tropsch chemistry and reaction 220
7.3 Roles of catalyst during Fischer Tropsch synthesis 221
7.4 Kinetic modeling of Fischer Tropsch synthesis 229
7.5 Process simulation for Fischer Tropsch synthesis 235
7.6 Carbon nanofibers/Carbon felt reactors 236
7.7 Conclusions and perspectives 239
References 239
8. Constraints, impacts and benefits of lignocellulose conversion
pathways to liquid biofuels and biochemicals 249
Amalia Zucaro, Gabriella Fiorentino and Sergio Ulgiati
8.1 Introduction 249
8.2 Constraints placed by logistics of biomass production, transport, and
processing 251
8.3 Life cycle assessment as environmental evaluation tool 258
8.4 Environmental assessment of biofuels: a selection of life cycle assessment
studies 262
8.5 Toward multiproduct biorefinery processes 267
8.6 Concluding remarks: the perspective of circular economy pathways 274
References 277
Further reading 282

9. Environmental and socioeconomic impact assessment of
biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass 283
Naveenji Arun and Ajay K. Dalai

9.1 Introduction 283