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It has three components: One detects other cars using the camera images; one detects
pedestrians; then a final component plans a path for our own car that avoids the cars and
pedestrians.

Not every component in a pipeline has to be learned. For example, the literature on “robot
motion planning” has numerous algorithms for the final path planning step for the car. Many

of these algorithms do not involve learning.

In contrast, and end-to-end approach might try to take in the sensor inputs and directly
output the steering direction:

Even though end-to-end learning has seen many successes, it is not always the best
approach. For example, end-to-end speech recognition works well. But I’m skeptical about

end-to-end learning for autonomous driving. The next few chapters explain why.

Page 94 Machine Learning Yearning-Draft Andrew Ng