Page 192 -

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AND BOUNDARY-SPANNERS 181

>> QUESTIONS
1. Identify different ways in which social networks and networking contributed posi-
tively to this innovation in cataract treatment.
2. How did the project team format support the development of new networks?
3. What role was played by boundary spanners in this case?
4. How do you explain the limited spread of this innovation to other hospitals? To
what extent was this linked to the social networks operating within and across
such hospitals?

Summary of key learning points

>> Social networks can be viewed as channels or communities – one emphasizing connectivity
and the other shared identity.
>> Networks can have both positive and negative effects on knowledge flows, depending on
how far they transgress or simply reinforce social and organizational boundaries.
>> Communities of practice link shared identities and norms to learning amongst community
members.
>> Organizations sometimes fail to see the benefits of more emergent communities, but have
been more enthusiastic about supporting managed communities which are focused on
organizational goals.
>> Managed communities need to be cultivated, not controlled, and rely upon boundary
spanners to maintain effective relations with other communities.

>> Online communities are effective where they create shared cultural objects which provide
a focus for problem-solving, and where ICT is used to connect groups and individuals.

6/5/09 7:19:35 AM
9780230_522015_09_cha08.indd 181 6/5/09 7:19:35 AM
9780230_522015_09_cha08.indd 181