Page 45 - Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction

References • 17

SUMMARY

Materials Science • There are six different property classifications of materials that determine their ap-
and Engineering plicability: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative.
• One aspect of materials science is the investigation of relationships that exist be-
tween the structures and properties of materials. By structure, we mean how some in-
ternal component(s) of the material is (are) arranged. In terms of (and with increas-
ing) dimensionality, structural elements include subatomic, atomic, microscopic, and
macroscopic.
• With regard to the design, production, and utilization of materials, there are four
elements to consider—processing, structure, properties, and performance. The per-
formance of a material depends on its properties, which in turn are a function of its
structure(s); furthermore, structure(s) is (are) determined by how the material was
processed.
• Three important criteria in materials selection are in-service conditions to which the
material will be subjected, any deterioration of material properties during operation,
and economics or cost of the fabricated piece.

Classification of • On the basis of chemistry and atomic structure, materials are classified into three
Materials general categories: metals (metallic elements), ceramics (compounds between me-
tallic and nonmetallic elements), and polymers (compounds composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements). In addition, composites are composed of
at least two different material types.

Advanced Materials • Another materials category is the advanced materials that are used in high-tech ap-
plications, including semiconductors (having electrical conductivities intermediate
between those of conductors and insulators), biomaterials (which must be compat-
ible with body tissues), smart materials (those that sense and respond to changes in
their environments in predetermined manners), and nanomaterials (those that have
structural features on the order of a nanometer, some of which may be designed on
the atomic/molecular level).

REFERENCES

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4th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, England, 2012. McMahon, C. J., Jr., Structural Materials, Merion Books,
Ashby, M. F., and D. R. H. Jones, Engineering Materials 2: Philadelphia, PA, 2004.
An Introduction to Microstructures and Processing, 4th Murray, G. T., C. V. White, and W. Weise, Introduction to
edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, England, 2012. Engineering Materials, 2nd edition, CRC Press, Boca
Ashby, M., H. Shercliff, and D. Cebon, Materials Engineering, Raton, FL, 2007.
Science, Processing and Design, Butterworth-Heinemann, Schaffer, J. P., A. Saxena, S. D. Antolovich, T. H. Sanders, Jr.,
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Stamford, CT, 2011. 7th edition, Prentice Hall PTR, Paramus, NJ, 2009.
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