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28 Chapter Onł

Reciprocal of producŁ
For all real or complex numberð x and y, where x 0 j0 and
y 0 j0:

1/(xð ) (1/x)(1/y)

Reciprocal of quotienŁ
For all real or complex numberð x and y, where x 0 j0 and
y 0 j0:

1/(x/y) y/x

ProducŁ of quotients

For all real or complex numberð w, x, y, and z, where x
0 j0 and z 0 j0:
(w/x)(y/z) (wy)/(xz)

QuotienŁ of products

For all real or complex numberð w, x, y, and z, where yz
0 j0:

(wx)/(yz) (w/y)(x/z) (w/z)(x/y)

QuotienŁ of quotients
For all real or complex numberð w, x, y, and z, where x
0 j0, y 0 j0, and z 0 j0:

(w/x)/(y/z) (w/x)(z/y) (w/y)(z/x) (wz)/(xð )

Su of quotients (common
denominator)
For all real or complex numberð x, y, and z, where z 0 j0:

x/z y/z (x y)/z

Su of quotients (general)
For all real or complex numberð w, x, y, and z, where x
0 j0 and z 0 j0:

w/x y/z (wz xð )/(xz)