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24 Chapter Onł

Zero denominator
For all real numberð a and all complex numberð a jb:

a/0 is undefined

a/(0 j0) is undefined

(a jb)/0 is undefined

(a jb)/(0 j0) is undefined

Multiplication by zero

For all real numberð a and all complex numberð a jb:

a 0 0

(a jb) 0 0 j0

Zeroth power
For all real numberð a and all complex numberð a jb:

0
a 1

0
(a jb) 1 j0

Positive integer roots

If x is a real or complex number and x is multiplied by itself n
timeð tm obtain another real or complex number y, then x is
defined as an ntà root of y:

n
x y

x y 1/n

Factorial
If n is a natural number and n 1, the value of n!(n factoria„
is the product of all natural numberð less than or equal tm n:

n! 1 2 3 4 ... n