Page 104 - Mechanical Engineers' Handbook (Volume 4)

Bibliography 93

should not be so low as to create cavitation. Meters should be calibrated in place or purchased
from a manufacturer and installed according to instructions.
Elbow meters may be calibrated in place to serve as metering devices, by measuring
the difference in pressure between the inner and outer radii of the elbow as a function of
flow rate.
For compressible gas flows, isentropic flow is assumed for flow between sections 1 and
˙
2 in Fig. 40. The mass flow rate is m KYA 2 (p p ), where K is as shown in Fig.
2
2
1
1
41 and Y Y(k, p /p , d/D) and is the expansion factor shown in Fig. 42. For nozzles and
1
2
venturi tubes 2/ k 1
p p 2 1 1 D
(k 1) / k
4
p
k
d
2
p
k 1
1
Y 1
2 / k
4
p
p
d
2
2
p 1 1 D p 1
and for orifice meters
Y 1 0.41 0.35
4
p
d
1
2
k D 1 p 1
These are the basic principles of fluid flow measurements. Utmost care must be taken
when accurate measurements are necessary, and reference to meter manufacturers’ pamphlets
or measurements handbooks should be made.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
General
Olson, R. M., Essentials of Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 4th ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1980.
Streeter, V. L. (ed.), Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961.
Streeter, V. L., and E. B. Wylie, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.
Section 9
Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory (translated by J. Kestin), 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York,
1979.
Section 10
Shapiro, A. H., The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow, Ronald Press, New
York, 1953, Vol. I.
Section 12
Hoerner, S. F., Fluid-Dynamic Drag, S. F. Hoerner, Midland Park, NJ, 1958.
Section 13
Miller, R. W., Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983.
Ower, E., and R. C. Pankhurst, Measurement of Air Flow, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY, 1977.