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xviii CONTENTS

1.7. A New World of Rich Variety: Room-Temperature Molten Salts . 19
1.8. Electrochemical Determination of Radical Intermediates by Means
of Infrared Spectroscopy ....................... 20
1.9. Relay Stations Placed Inside Proteins Can Carry an Electric Current 22
1.10. Speculative Electrochemical Approach to Understanding
Metabolism ............................. 24
1.11. The Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments .......... 25
1.12. Science, Technology, Electrochemistry, and Time ......... 27
1.12.1. Significance of Interfacial Charge-Transfer Reactions ........... 27
1.12.2. The Relation between Three Major Advances in Science, and the Place of
Electrochemistry in the Developing World ................. 28
Further Reading...................................... 32

CHAPTER 2

ION–SOLVENT INTERACTIONS

2.1. Introduction ............................. 35

2.2. Breadth of Solvation as a Field ....................... 37
2.3. A Look at Some Approaches to Solvation Developed Mainly after
1980 ................................. 39
2.3.1. Statistical Mechanical Approaches ...................... 39
2.3.2. What Are Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics Calculations? ...... 39
2.3.3. Spectroscopic Approaches . . . ....................... 40
2.4. Structure of the Most Common Solvent, Water . ............ 41
2.4.1. How Does the Presence of an Ion Affect the Structure of Neighboring
Water? ........................................ 46
2.4.2. Size and Dipole Moment of Water Molecules in Solution .......... 48
2.4.3. TheIon–DipoleModel forIon–SolventInteractions ............ 49
Further Reading ................................ 50
2.5. Tools for Investigating Solvation ................... 50
2.5.1. Introduction .................................. 50
2.5.2. Thermodynamic Approaches: Heats of Solvation .............. 51
2.5.3. Obtaining Experimental Values of Free Energies and Entropies of the
Solvation of Salts ............................... 53
2.6. Partial Molar Volumes of Ions in Solution ............. 55
2.6.1. Definition ........................................ 55