Page 102 - Modern Spatiotemporal Geostatistics

e
Knowledg
83
Physical
Physica l Knowledge 8 3
(inferrin
on
e
e
evidenc
anothe
e
o
r
r
g
thing
g
fro
empirica
,
inductiv
internal
interna l or inductive evidence (inferring one thing from another thing, empirical l
thin
m
particular
expertise with the
propositions , expertis e with th e particula r situation, , etc.).
propositions,
etc.).
situation
The bulk k o f specificatory knowledg e S usually consists of f dat a set s rep- -
s
sets
rep
knowledge
Th
usuall
e
o
S
data
bul
of
specificator
y
consist
y
s
a data
sample
medi
natural
entities
se
a
o
resenting
may
e
Th
be
resentin g natura l variables. . The entitie s of f a dat a set t ma y b e media samples
variables
(geologic,
(geologic , chemical, , environmental, , etc.), reading s of f measurement devices, ,
o
environmental
etc.),
chemical
measuremen
t
readings
devices
reports,
station
well-lo g profiles, , weather r statio n reports , topographi c features , censu s data, ,
weathe
topographic
well-log
census
features,
data
profiles
etc.
n
informatio
single data
registries,
A
set may contain
stat e registries , etc. A singl e dat a se t ma y contai n information on several l nat- -
severa
state
o
nat
n
Dependin
ural variables.
n
scientifi
numerous data types may
ura l variables . Depending on the scientific c discipline , numerou s dat a type s ma y
discipline,
th
e
o
g
type
an
quality
These data
d
accessibility
are of varying
be considered.
h
whic
b e considered . Thes e dat a types s ar e o f varyin g qualit y and accessibility, , which
e
e
restriction
analysis and processing techniques
o
may
s
ma y impose restrictions on the sort t o f dat a analysi s an d processin g technique s
of data
th
sor
impos
n
to to b e employed .
be employed.
mai
type
sciences
EXAMPL
geologica
n
EXAMPLE 3.12: : I In geological l sciences, , main data types (Swan and Sandilands, ,
(Swa
dat
s
n
Sandilands
3.12
an
n
d
a
E
as
ratio
lengt
include:
data
1995)
1995 ) include : (a) ) rati o scale dat a (ordinary y measurements , suc h a s length
measurements, such
h
scal
(ordinar
e
(a
weight
data
ar
best-quality
e
e
th
data);
usually
or or weight, , whic h are usuall y the best-qualit y data) ; (b ) interval l scal e dat a
scale
(b)
which
interva
etc.);
C
°
°F
closed data
r
n
(c
(temperature
(such as percentages or ppm);
o
(temperatur e i in °C or °F, , etc.); (c) ) close d dat a (suc h a s percentage s o r ppm) ;
;
o
(e
objects
e
directional
s
(d
(d) ) directiona l data (e.g., angles); (e) ) discrete dat a (counts of f objects, , etc.);
etc.);
dat
discret
(count
angles)
(e.g.,
data
a
a
dat
(lists
mineral
of
r
etc.).
categorica
an d (f) ) nomina l or categorical l data (list s o f minerals or fossils, , etc.). D
and
fossils
D
(f
r
o
o
nominal
s
It It i is axiomatic c in science that t the most t difficult t o f al l problem s i s tha t of f
axiomati
th
o
all
tha
difficul
e
of
scienc
mos
s
problems is that
e
i
n
effec
th
right
e
g
asking the right questions . Thes e questions hav e a direct t effect t o n decisions
on
These
direc
s
question
a
s
decision
have
questions.
askin
g
whic
what
procedure
d
of data
h
b
an
a
t
dat
s
o
i
about
sor
gathere
d
e
gatherin
abou t wha t sort t o f dat a is to be gathered and which data gathering procedures s
are to be implemented. . For r purposes of f moder n spatiotempora l geostatistics ,
ar
s
geostatistics,
modern spatiotemporal
o
o
implemented
b
Fo
t
e
e
purpose
set
e
a
s
Xdata
specificator
s
knowledge are usually divided
the
y
th e dat a sets Xdata available as specificatory knowledg e ar e usuall y divide d int o
data
availabl
into
s
two
tw o main caregories
mai
n
caregorie
s
d
obtaine
m
measurement
fro
e
accurat
a
Xhard
denotes
(i.e.,
hard
dat
where
wher e Xhard denote s hard data (i.e., accurate measurements obtained from
simulation
devices
or
observation
computational
pro-
algorithms
real-tim e observatio n devices, , computationa l algorithms, , o r simulatio n pro -
real-time
cesses);
cesses) ; an d Xsoft denotes soft dat a (uncertai n observation s expresse d i n term s
observations expressed in
denote
data
and Xsoft
s
(uncertain
terms
soft
probabilit
values
assessments
statements,,
by ex-
,
charts
interva
of of intervall values, probabilityy statements empirica charts,, assessment s b y ex -
empiricall
etc.).
perts, , etc.).
perts
Each member of the data set Xdata. ' s an operationally defined measure-
a measurement obtained
i.e.,
by following a specified procedure of
ment , i.e., a measuremen t obtaine d b y followin g a specifie d procedur e o f actio n
ment,
action
e
an
tha
t
i
th
e
competen
instruments
and d involvin g th e appropriat e instruments. . I It t is imperative that the competent t
imperativ
involving the appropriate
s
f
understan
variou
dat
s
th
a
e
y
feature
e
s
gath
th
geostatistician
d
o
clearl
l
essentia
geostatisticia n understand clearly the essential features of the various data gath- -
There
of their
o
n
s
g
r
weaknesses
strength
technique
doub
ering techniques in terms s o f thei r strengths s or weaknesses. . Ther e i is no doubt t
i
s
erin
term
o
n
e
of the geostatistical analysis depends on the sophistication
e
t
of
tha
that the outcome o f th e geostatistica l analysi s depend s o n th e sophisticatio n o f
th
outcom
instrumentatio
d
instrumentation
e
the instrumentatio n available. . Advanced instrumentation of f space/tim e mea- -
o
th
mea
available
n
Advance
space/time
the
surement can produce new maps, thereby
suremen t ca n produc e ne w maps , thereb y improvin g th e geostatistical l analysis .
improving
analysis.
geostatistica
Certainly
Certainly, , theoretical l understanding and intuition are important factors i in geo- -
s
geo
n
g
theoretica
t
an
factor
understandin
importan
e
n
ar
d
intuitio
statistica
apprehend correctly
efforts, not only to acquire knowledge but also to
statistical l efforts , no t onl y t o acquir e knowledg e bu t als o t o apprehen d correctl y
the
s
exis
logica
e
relation
body
tha
o
and
knowledg
th e physica l an d logical l relations that t exist t betwee n a bod y of f knowledge an d
between a
physical and
the
phenomenon under
specific
consideration.
th e specifi c phenomeno n unde r consideration .
measurements
3.1
POSTULAT
compo-
E
Operationally defined
are vital
POSTULATE 3.1: : Operationall y define d measurement s ar e vita l compo -
thus
can
d
e
nents
nent s o f th e epistemic observer-observed interplay and, , thus, , ca n have
hav
observer-observe
c
y
interpla
of the
epistemi
and