Page 8 - Modern physical chemistry

Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments vii 3.8 Allowing for Molecular Interactions 47
3.9 Gas-Liquid Isotherms 49
Chapter 1 3.10 Corresponding States 51
Structure in Solids 1 3.11 Compressibility Factor for a Gas 52
1.1 Limits on Homogeneity 1 3.12 Virial Equation of State 52
1.2 States of Matter 1 3.13 Distribution of Equivalent Particles
1.3 Diffraction 2 in a Potential Field 53
1.4 Producing Short Wavelength Radiation 4 3.14 The Maxwell Distribution Law 55
1.5 The Action of Crystals on the Radiation 5 3.15 The Collision Rate Density 57
1.6 Bragg Reflection 5 Questions 60
1. 7 Standard Crystal Lattices 7 Problems 60
1.8 Miller Indices 7 References 61
1.9 Cubic Point Lattices 10
1.10 Some Simple Crystal Types 12 Chapter 4
1.11 Stability Conditions 13 The First Law for Energy 68
1.12 Avogadro's Number 16 4.1 Independent Thermodynamic Variables 63
1.13 Surface Structure 17 4.2 Work 63
1.14 The Quasicrystalline State 19 4.3 Heat 65
Questions 19 4.4 The First Law 65
Problems 19 4.5 Compression (P-V) Work 66
References 21 4.6 Isochoric and Isobaric Heats 67
4.7 Energy Capacities 69
Chapter 2 4.8 Reversible Adiabatic Change in an
Structure in Molecules and Atoms 23 Ideal Gas 71
2.1 Introduction 23 4.9 Conditions in a Planar Pressure Pulse 72
2.2 Symmetric Coordination Structures 24 4.10 Contributions to Energy Capacity Gy 74
2.3 Momentum and Energy Relationships 25 4.11 Relating Differentials and Partial
2.4 Diffraction by Randomly Oriented Derivatives 75
Molecules 26 4.12 The Difference Gp-Gy 77
2.5 Electron Diffraction Molecular 4.13 Coefficients of Thermal ExpanSion and
Parameters 30 Isothermal Compressibility 77
2.6 Intensity in a Beam 30 4.14 Exact Differentials 78
2.7 The Cross Section Concept 31 4.15 Partial Molar Properties 79
2.8 The Nuclear Atom 33 Questions 81
2.9 Composition of Atoms and Nuclei 35 Problems 81
Questions 35 References 83
Problems 35
References 36 Chapter 5
Entropy and the Second Law 85
Chapter 3 5.1 Accessibility of States 85
Gases and Collective Properties 87 5.2 Integrability of the Reversible Heat 86
3.1 Macroscopic Properties 37 5.3 Form for the Integrating Factor 88
3.2 Elements of Ideal-Gas Theory 37 5.4 Entropy Changes of Systems 88
3.3 Temperature 40 5.5 The Second Law 90
3.4 Constants R and To 42 5.6 Entropy of Mixing 91
3.5 Gaseous Solutions 43 5.7 Probability Change on Mixing 92
3.6 Translational, Rotational, Vibrational 5.8 Effectively Contributing Microstates 93
Energies 44 5.9 Helmholtz Free Energy 94
3.7 Quantum Restrictions 46 5.10 Gibbs Free Energy 95
ix