Page 9 - Modern physical chemistry

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5.11 Key Thennodynamic Relations 96 7.17 The Activity Coefficient Concept 163
5.12 The Chemical Potential 99 7.18 Helmholtz Energy of Reaction 164
5.13 Concentration Gradients 100 Questions 165
5.14 General Direction for a Process 102 Problems 166
5.15 A Fourth Law 103 References 168
Questions 103
Problems 104 Chapter 8
References 105 Equilibria in Condensed Phases 171
8.1 The Chemical Potential Revisited 171
Chapter 6 8.2 Useful Equilibrium Expressions 172
Relationships between Phases 109 8.3 Conditions Determining Equilibria 176
6.1 Intensive Variables 109 8.4 Key Thennodynamic Considerations 183
6.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule 109 8.5 Average Electric Atmosphere about
6.3 Equilibrium States for Water 110 an Ion 185
6.4 Solutions 111 8.6 An Integral Fonn of Coulomb's Law 185
6.5 Aspects of Multicomponent Phase 8.7 Application of Gauss's Theorem to the
Diagrams 113 Ionic Atmosphere 187
6.6 Singularities Separating Phases 115 8.8 Variation of Electric Potential in an Ionic
6.7 The Clapeyron and Ehrenfest Atmosphere 188
Equations 120 8.9 Free Energy of the Ionic Atmosphere 189
6.8 Variation of Vapor Pressure with 8.10 Debye-Htickel Equations 190
Temperature 123 8.11 Equilibria among Phases Revisited 196
6.9 Variation of Vapor Pressure with Total 8.12 Determining Ionic Activities 199
Pressure 124 8.13 Limitations of the Debye-Htickel
6.10 Variation of Vapor Pressure with Treatment 200
Concentration 125 Questions 201
6.11 The Mole-Fraction Activity 128 Problems 201
6.12 Concentration Units 128 References 203
6.13 Elevation of the Boiling Point 129
6.14 Depression of the Freezing Point 131 Chapter 9
6.15 Penneability of Membranes 133 Electrochemistry 207
6.16 Osmotic Pressure 134 9.1 Definitions and Units 207
6.17 Equilibria among Phases 135 9.2 Electrode Reactions 208
Questions 136 9.3 Electrolyte Transference 209
Problems 136 9.4 Moving Ion Clouds and Boundaries 212
References 139 9.5 Ohm's Law 214
9.6 Equivalent Conductance 216
Chapter 7 9.7 Determining Solubilities and Degrees of
Relationships among Reactants 148 Ionization 219
7.1 Introduction 143 9.8 Variation of Ion Conductance with
7.2 Conventions 143 ViSCOSity 220
7.3 Measuring Reaction Heats 144 9.9 Cell Conventions 222
7.4 Relating the Isobaric and Isochoric 9.10 Measuring and Allocating Voltages 224
Reaction Heats 145 9.11 Cell Energetics 225
7.5 Variation in Heat of Reaction with 9.12 Cell with Transference 228
Temperature 146 9.13 Reference Cells and Electrodes 229
7.6 Calorimetric Entropy 148 9.14 Measuring the pH of Solutions 230
7.7 Correcting the Calorimetric Entropy to the 9.15 Overpotential 232
Ideal Gas State 149 9.16 Electrode Potentials for Other Solvents 233
7.8 Correcting the Calorimetric Entropy for 9.17 Further Cell Thennodynamics 234
Frozen-in Disorder 150 Questions 235
7.9 Key Thennodynamic Properties 151 Problems 236
7.10 Partial Molar Gibbs Energy 153 References 238
7.11 Gibbs Energy of Reaction 154
7.12 Energetic Conditions on Equilibria 156 Chapter 10
7.13 Equilibria in Ideal Gaseous Phases 157 Basic Quantum Mechanics 241
7.14 Heterogeneous Gas Equilibria 161 10.1 The Statistical Nature of the Path of a
7.15 Variation of Equilibrium Constants with Mass Element or Particle 241
Temperature 162 10.2 Representing a Constituent State 242
7.16 Variation of Equilibrium Constants with 10.3 Introducing the Translational
Pressure 163 Symmetries 243