Page 7 - New Trends In Coal Conversion

vi Contents

3 Minimization of Hg and trace elements during coal combustion
and gasification processes 59
Mercedes Díaz Somoano
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Mercury and trace elements in coal 60
3.3 Mercury and TE transformation during coal combustion
and gasification processes 65
3.4 Current legislation and the European pollutant release and
transfer register 70
3.5 Technologies for mercury and TE control 75
3.6 Concluding remarks 83
3.7 Future work 83
References 84

4 Coal and biomass cofiring: CFD modeling 89
Chungen Yin
4.1 Introduction 90
4.2 An overview of coal and biomass cofiring 90
4.3 CFD modeling of coal and biomass cofiring: the basic and
generic modules 90
4.4 Suspension cofiring of coal and biomass: CFD modeling 100
4.5 Grate cofiring and fluidized bed cofiring of coal and biomass:
CFD modeling 104
4.6 Coal and biomass cofiring under oxy-fuel conditions: special
modeling issues 107
4.7 Concluding remarks 110
References 112

5 Coal and biomass cofiring: fundamentals and future trends 117
María V. Gil and Fernando Rubiera
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Biomass characterization and properties 119
5.3 Coal and biomass cofiring technologies 121
5.4 Cofiring ratios 123
5.5 Technical and logistical issues of cofiring 123
5.6 Environmental issues: flue gas and ash from cofiring 132
5.7 Oxy-fuel cofiring 134
5.8 Future trends of biomass cofiring 135
5.9 Concluding remarks 137
Acknowledgments 137
References 137