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230 New Trends in Eco-efficient and Recycled Concrete

Figure 9.3 Eco profile of CRC, recycling of traditional concrete as RCAs and disposal of
traditional concrete waste cf. De Schepper et al. (2014). CRC, completely recyclable
concrete; RCA, recycled concrete aggregate.
9.3.1.3 LCA approaches/types

From literature review, Santos Vieira and Horvath (2008) concluded that a differen-
tiation between LCA types can be made in several ways. This goes from average
versus marginal LCA, over retrospective versus prospective LCA, to attributional
versus consequential LCA.
The first differentiation refers to whether average or marginal data and related
impacts were used to conduct the LCA calculations. Note that the definitions of
average and marginal data/impacts here are similar to the definition of average and
marginal cost in the world of economics. The term “average” refers to the inventory
data and impacts associated with the overall production capacity divided by the
number of products. The term ‘marginal’ has to do with inventory data and impacts
inherent to an expansion of the production capacity, for example, the inventory data
and impacts to manufacture one product more due to an increase in demand.