Page 313 - Optical Communications Essentials

Optical Networks

Optical Networks 303

capacity cost-effectively and has the ability to offer a wide range of services in a
simple, scalable, and flexible manner. When used in a MAN, Ethernet is referred
to as Metro Ethernet. In enterprise applications, Metro Ethernet is used for
interfacing to the public Internet and for connectivity between geographically
separate corporate sites.
Emerging next-generation transport networks are referred to as optical
transport networks (OTNs). In these networks it is envisioned that DWDM-
based dynamic optical network elements such as optical cross-connect switches
and optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs) will have full control of all wave-
lengths. In addition, they are expected to have full knowledge of the traffic-
carrying capacity and the status of each wavelength. With such intelligence
these networks are envisioned as being self-connecting and self-regulating.
Various means of using fibers in the access network have been explored.
These schemes are known by the all-inclusive term fiber-to-the-x (FTTx), where
x is some letter designating at what point the fiber terminates and copper wires
(or wireless links) again take over.

Further Reading
1. G. Keiser, Local Area Networks, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, Burr Ridge, Ill., 2002.
2. B. A. Forouzan, Introduction to Data Communications and Networking, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill,
Burr Ridge, Ill., 2001.
3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI), ANSI T1.105 - 2001, Telecommunications,
“Synchronous optical network (SONET)—Basic description including multiplex structures,
rates, and formats,” New York, July 2002.
4. International Telecommunication Union—Telecommunication Standardization Sector, (ITU-T),
http://www.itu.int, ITU-T Recommendation G.957, Optical Interfaces for Equipment and Systems
Relating to the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, July 1999.
5. P. Bonenfant and A. Rodriguez-Moral, “Framing techniques for IP over fiber,” IEEE Network,
vol. 15, pp. 12–18, July/August 2001.
6. M. Murata and K. I. Kitayama, “A perspective on photonic multiprotocol label switching,”
IEEE Network, vol. 15, pp. 56–63, July/August 2001.
7. D. Benjamin, R. Trudel, S. Shew, and E. Kus, “Optical services over the intelligent optical net-
work,” IEEE Comm Mag, vol. 39, pp. 73–78, September 2001.
8. R. Ramaswami and K. N. Sivarajan, Optical Networks, 2d ed., Morgan Kaufmann, San
Francisco, 2002.
9. H. Zang, J. P. Jue, L. Sahasrabuddhe, R. Ramamurthy, and B. Mukherjee, “Dynamic lightpath
establishment in wavelength-routed WDM networks,” IEEE Comm Mag. vol. 39, pp. 100–108,
September 2001.
10. ITU-T Recommendation G.985, 100 Mbps Point-to-Point Ethernet Based Optical Access System,
March 2003.
11. ITU-T Recommendation G.984.1, Gigabit-Capable Passive Optical Network: General
Characteristics, March 2003.
12. ITU-T Recommendation G.984.2, Gigabit-Capable Passive Optical Network: Physical Layer
Specification, March 2003.

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