Page 5 - Partition & Adsorption of Organic Contaminants in Environmental Systems

CONTENTS

Preface ix

1 Important Thermodynamic Properties 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 2
1.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 3
1.4 Extensive and Intensive Properties 6
1.5 Chemical Potential 6
1.6 Chemical Potentials in Multiple Phases 7
1.7 Change in Chemical Potential with Pressure 8
1.8 Activity of a Substance 9
1.9 Vapor–Liquid and Vapor–Solid Equilibria 10

2 Fundamentals of the Solution Theory 14

2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Raoult’s Law 14
2.3 Henry’s Law 18
2.4 Flory–Huggins Theory 19
2.5 Variation of Activity Coefficient with Concentration 21
2.6 Molar Heat of Solution 22
2.7 Cohesive Energy Density and Solubility Parameter 27

3 Interphase Partition Equations 30
3.1 Partition between Two Separate Phases 30
3.2 Partition between an Organic Solvent and Water 31
3.3 Partition between a Macromolecular Phase and Water 32
3.4 Temperature Dependence of Partition Coefficient 33
3.5 Concentration Dependence of Partition Coefficient 36

4 Fundamentals of the Adsorption Theory 39
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm 41
4.3 Freundlich Equation 43
4.4 BET Multilayer Adsorption Theory 43
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