Page 9 - Plastics Engineering

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Vlll Contents

4.3.9 Injection Blow Moulding 303
4.3.10 Injection Moulding of Thermosetting Materials 304
4.4 Thermoforming 306
4.4.1 Analysis of Thermoforming 309
4.5 Calendering 313
4.5.1 Analysis of Calendering 315
4.6 Rotational Moulding 318
4.6.1 Slush Moulding 323
4.7 Compression Moulding 323
4.8 Transfer Moulding 326
4.9 Processing Reinforced Thermoplastics 327
4.10 Processing Reinforced Thermosets 328
4.10.1 Manual Processing Methods 330
4.10.2 Semi-Automatic Processing Methods 332
4.10.3 Automatic Processes 337
Chapter 5 - Analysis of polymer melt flow 343
5.1 Introduction 343
5.2 General Behaviour of Polymer Melts 344
5.3 Isothermal Flow in Channels: Newtonian Fluids 346
5.4 Rheological Models for Polymer Melt Flow 35 1
5.5 Isothermal Flow in Channels: Non-Newtonian Fluids 354
5.6 Isothermal Flow in Non-Uniform Channels 357
5.7 Elastic Behaviour of Polymer Melts 363
5.8 Residence and Relaxation Times 367
5.9 Temperature Rise in Die 368
5.10 Experimental Methods Used to Obtain Flow Data 369
5.11 Analysis of Flow in Some Processing Operations 375
5.12 Analysis of Heat 'lkansfer during Polymer Processing 39 1
5.13 Calculation of Clamping force 40 1

Appendix A - Structure of Plastics 413
A.l Structure of Long Molecules 413
A.2 Conformation of the Molecular Chain 415
A.3 Arrangement of Molecular Chains 420

Appendix B - Solution of Differential Equations 425

Appendix C - Stredstrain Relationships 426

Appendix D - Stresses in Cylindrical Shapes 429