Page 189 - Polymer-based Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications

162 Polymer-based Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications

Metal oxides or oxidized sufaces:
SiO , TiO , ZnO, ITO, Al O , Fe O ...
2
2
3
2
3
2
R R
R R
O
P P
O O
SiCl 3 Si(OEt) 3 OH OH
OH OH
Silanes Phosphonic acids
Diazonium salts Thiols
R
R R R

Carbon sufaces:
graphene, carbon Metals and
nanotube, alloys:
diamond... SH S S Au, Ag, Cd, CdSe,
Metals: Au, Pt, Cr N 2 + CdTe...

Fig. 5.9 Chemical structure of anchoring groups depending on the substrate nature.
Reprinted with permission from reference Bousqueta A, Awadaa H, Hiornsb RC,
Dagron-Lartigaua C, Billon L. Conjugated-polymer grafting on inorganic and organic
substrates: a new trend in organic electronic materials. Prog Polym Sci 2014;39:1847–77.
Copyright 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

5.6 Core shell polymer nanocomposites

Core-shell formulations have been considered versatile tools for the designing and
fabrication of high-energy-density polymer nanocomposites. It actually helps to con-
trol and optimize the microstructure and the dielectric properties of the nanocompo-
sites by engineering the interface between the nanoparticles and the polymer matrix.
The core-shell strategies have the distinct advantages over conventional melt-mixing
and solution-mixing methods, namely, core-shell strategies enable bringing the
core and shell nanoparticles together, and also, it can bring homogeneous nanoparticle
dispersion in the matrix even at a very high fraction of the nanoparticle (e.g., 50 vol%)
as it is possible to make the polymer shell and polymer matrix possess similar chem-
ical structures. Further, the well-known paradoxes could be resolved by the core-shell
strategies (viz., nanocomposites with a high dielectric constant usually possess low
breakdown strength, high dielectric loss, and high leakage currents). The conventional
melt-mixing and solution-mixing methods cannot well resolve such paradoxes.
For instance, the dielectric constant of the shells exhibit a gradient decrease from
the shell to the matrix in single-core/multishell-structured high-dielectric-constant