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                                                              Power electronic control in electrical systems 7

                                                        a

                                     d axis
                                                  θ
                                                                                 q axis







                              rotation










                               b                                                 c

                      Fig. 1.2 Schematic diagram of a synchronous machine.






                                                          d axis
                                                                                          q axis
                                                           r F
                                                                  L FF
                                             r a
                                                   v a    i F
                                                             v F
                                                i a
                                                                               L QQ
                                                                         L DD
                                           L aa
                                                                                     r Q
                                                                 r D
                                                                                 i Q
                                 L bb           L cc
                                                                     i D
                                                           r c
                                                                v c
                                 r b
                                                             i c
                                      v b
                                    i b
                      Fig. 1.3 Coupled windings of a synchronous machine.

                      desired reference voltage are compared to produce a voltage error which is used to
                      alter the exciter output. Generally speaking, exciters can be of two types: (1) rotating;
                      or (2) static. Nowadays, static exciters are the preferred choice owing to their higher
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