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19.5 Voyage costs .................................. 501
19.5.1 Bunkers ................................ 501
19.5.2 Port and canal dues, pilotage. towage etc ................ 502
19.6 Cargo handling costs .............................. 503
19.7 Some cost figures ................................ 503
1 9.7.1 Operational cost example ....................... 504
19.7.2 Shipcost ................................ 504
19.7.3 Capital charges ............................ 505
19.7.4 Daily running costs .......................... 506
19.7.5 Voyage costs .............................. 508
19.7.7 Summary ............................... 510
Chapter 20 . Conversions
20.1 General ..................................... 511
20.2 Anticipating the need at the design stage .................... 511
20.3 Cost and time of conversions .......................... 512
20.4 Need to meet new rules ............................. 512
20.5 Modifications to increase deadweight or capacity ............... 512
20.6 Modifications to improve stability ....................... 513
20.6.1 Sponsons ................................ 514
20.6.2 Stern wedges ............................. 515
Bibliography ...................................... 519
Subject Index ..................................... 525
