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13.3.5 Segregated ballast ........................... 366
I 3.3.6 Double bottom and double skin .................... 367
13.4 Tonnage rules .................................. 367
13.4.1 General discussion ........................... 367
13.4.2 Gross tonnage ............................. 367
13.4.3 Net tonnage .............................. 368
13.4.4 Segregated ballast in oil tankers .................... 369
13.4.5 Deckcargo ............................... 369
13.4.6 Tonnage as a factor in design ..................... 369

Chapter 14 . Special Factors Influencing Warship Design
14.1 Warship roles .................................. 371
14.1.1 General discussion ........................... 371
14.1.2 Capabilities required ......................... 372
14.2 Through-life costing .............................. 372
14.2.1 Economic criteria for warships .................... 372
14.2.2 Other through-life costs ........................ 373
14.3 Combat systems ................................ 374
14.3.1 General discussion ........................... 374
14.3.2 Combat system costs .......................... 374
14.3.3 Single role or multi-purpose ...................... 374
14.3.4 Anti-submarine weapons ....................... 375
14.3.5 Surface ship attack weapons ...................... 376
14.3.6 Anti-aircraft and anti-missile weapons ................ 376
14.3.7 Close-in weapon systems (C.I.W.S.) ................. 376
14.3.8 Decoys ................................. 377
14.3.9 Sensors ................................ 377
14.4 Signatures .................................... 378
14.4.1 General discussion ........................... 378
14.4.2 Sight .................................. 378
14.4.3 Noise .................................. 378
14.4.4 Infra-red ................................ 379
14.4.5 Radar ................................. 379
14.4.6 Magnetic ................................ 379
14.4.7 Active measures ............................ 380
14.5 Vulnerability .................................. 380
14.5.1 General discussion ........................... 380
14.5.2 Redundancy and separation ...................... 381
14.5.3 Zoning and containment ........................ 381
14.6 Availability ................................... 382
14.6.1 General discussion ........................... 382
14.6.2 By reducing the time spent storing and fuelling ............ 382
14.6.3 By reducing the time spent in refits .................. 383