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10.4 Other strength calculations ........................... 296
10.4.1 Torsional strength ........................... 296
10.4.2 Fatigue ................................. 296
10.4.3 Brittle fracture ............................. 297
10.5 Minimising steelweight and/or steelwork cost ................. 297
10.5.1 Spacing of stiffeners .......................... 298
10.5.2 Choice of type of sections ....................... 298
10.5.3 Spacing of bulkheads ......................... 299
10.5.4 Hatch arrangement .......................... 299
10.5.5 Alignment of structure ......................... 299
10.5.6 Use of higher tensile steel ....................... 299
10.5.7 Corrugated construction and swedged stiffeners ............ 300
10.5.8 Other ways of minimising steel work labour cost ........... 300
10.6 Other factors which should influence structural design ............ 300
10.6.1 Avoiding, minimising or compensating for structural
discontinuities ............................. 301
10.6.2 Avoiding or minimising vibration ................... 302
10.6.3 Reducing corrosion and facilitating maintenance and repairs ..... 302
10.6.4 Detailed structural design ....................... 302
10.7 Structural strength units ............................ 303

Chapter 11 . Freeboard and Subdivision

11.1 Introduction ................................... 305
11.2 Freeboard .................................... 305
1 1.2.1 Different types of freeboard ...................... 306
1 1.2.2 Seasonal freeboards .......................... 307
1 1.2.3 Freeboard calculations ......................... 308
11.3 Subdivision - general ............................. 312
11.4 Deterministic rules for passenger ships .................... 314
1 1.4.1 International voyages ......................... 315
11.4.2 Other details dealt with in the deterministic rules ........... 317
11.5 Deterministic rules for short international voyages .............. 317
11.6 Probabilistic rules for cargo ships ....................... 318
11.7 Probabilistic rules for passenger ships ..................... 328
11.8 Future rules ................................... 329

Chapter 12 . Stability and Trim .
General
12.1 Merchant ship stability ............................. 333
12.1.1 Merchant ship stability standards ................... 333
12.1.2 Intact stability standards ........................ 333
12.1.3 Influence of these standards on design ................. 334
12.1.4 Thixotropic cargoes .......................... 334