Page 251 - Principles of Catalyst Development

GLOSSARY OF COMMON TERMS 241
Naphthenes Same as cycloparaffins.
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) Liquefied hydrocarbons, usually ethane and pro-
pane, separated from natural gas.
Oxidation Reaction involving the breaking of a C-C or C-H bond with oxygen.
Oxychlorination Chlorination with addition of oxygen to prevent loss of chlorine
as HC\.
Oxydehydrogenation Removal of hydrogen from a compound by reaction with
oxygen to produce water.
Oxygenolysis Rupture of C- H, C-C, C-S, C- N by oxygen to produce H 20, CO 2 ,
SOl, and N0 2 •
Partial oxidation Oxidation to produce an oxidized organic compound rather
than H 20 and CO 2 •
Polymer Larger molecule formed from monomers.
Polymerization Process for making polymers.
Polynuclear Aromatics Compounds containing two or more benzene rings are
fused through common carbon atoms.
Pour Point The lowest temperature at which a petroleum product will flow.
Raffinate The residue recovered from an extraction process.
Reductive Alkylation Alkylation of an amine with a ketone in the presence of
hydrogen to give a secondary amine and water.
Refining A general term that includes processing of crude oils to give fuels such
as gasoline, diesel and jet, lubricants, asphalts, waxes, and chemical feedstocks.
Reformate A reformed naphtha upgraded in octane number by catalytic
reforming.
Research Octane Numher (RON) The percentage by volume of isooctane in a
blend of isooctane and n-heptane that knocks with the same intensity as a
gasoline being tested under conditions approximating an automobile at low
speeds (600 rpm).

Shift Reaction Reaction of steam with carbon-containing materials to give carbon
dioxide and hydrogen.
Selectivity Used in two ways: (1) the ratio of the rates of formation of a desired
and undesired product, and (2) the ratio of the amount of desired and undesired
product.
Sensitivity The difference between the research and the motor octane numbers.
Side Chain An aliphatic group attached to a hydrocarbon.
Smoke Point A test of the burning quality of jet fuels, kerosene and alliminating
oils.
Sour or Sweet Crude A general term for classifying crudes according to sulfur
content: sour crude-greater than 0.5 to 1 %; sweet crudes-less than 0.5 %.