Page 475 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

432 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

19.2.1.3 Dairy industries

The dairy industries primarily comprise the processing of raw milk into various
foodstuffs such as butter and cheese using different methods such as chilling,
homogenization, and pasteurization (Prashanthi and Sundaram, 2016). Dairy indus-
try waste also adds up pollution to the environment. According to Kushwaha et al.
(2011), 275 million tons of wastewater are released annually from the Indian dairy
industries. Dairy industries produced a huge amount of effluent with a high organic
load while employing different operations such as cleaning tanks, pipe and homoge-
nizers, and heat exchangers during the processing of milk. Water effluents from
industry contain significant quantities of organic milk products, minerals, proteins,
fats, dissolved sugars, inorganic salt, casein, and possible residues of additives
which increases chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand (Bria ˜o
and Tavares, 2007). The wastewater thus produced from the dairy industry is dis-
charged into water bodies, disturbs the ecological balance, and deteriorates the
water quality which is a major concern. Various treatments, such as mechanical,
chemical, biological, have been employed to treat wastewater. Other advanced tech-
niques such as electrocoagulation, aerobic treatment using sequence batch reactor,
and anaerobic treatment using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and anaerobic
sequence batch reactor also have been employed to treat wastewater. A single tech-
nique is not able to solve the wastewater problem; therefore a combined process
must be used (Sinha et al., 2019).

19.2.1.4 Marine industries

The marine industry is an unseen pool of waste which includes waste of fish and
shellfish. Fish waste is discarded without any recovery attempt. In the fish-
processing industries, fish loading creates tons of garbage in the form of fish body
waste. However, some fish part is extracted to get protein using the enzymatic
method. In freshwater fish production, India is the second biggest producer of
fish around the world, and more than 2 MMT of waste is produced due to
fish-processing activities (Sadh et al., 2018). Similar to other food industries, fish-
processing setups produced waste in the form of solid such as fish carcasses, skin,
heads, viscera blood water from drained fish storage tanks, and brine (Uc¸kun Kıran
et al., 2015). Seafood and their by-products are important sources for bioactive
compounds. Nagai et al. isolated the collagen from fish skin, bone, and fins and
further showed that fish waste has the potential for the supplementing skin of land
vertebrate as protein source (Nagai, 2000).

19.2.1.5 Brewery industries
The brewing industry is one of the leading consumers of water. In 2016 China was
the largest producer of beer followed by the United States. The brewery industry
also produces tons of residues which also need management. Vast amounts of water
are employed for the generation of the brew itself and for washing, cleaning, and
sanitizing different units after each cluster are finished (Olajire, 2012). Brewery