Appendix D
Useful Mathematical Formulas
D.1 SUMMATION FORMULAS
D.2 EULER'S FORMULAS
D.3 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
sin2B +cos26 = 1
sin2 B = $(I - cos20)
cos2 0 = i(1 + cos20)
sin20 = 2sinOcosO
cos 26 = cos' 0 - sin2 0 = 1 - 2 cos2 0
sin(a f P) = sin a cos p + cos a sin p