Page 324 - Shale Shakers Drilling Fluid Systems

306 SHALE SHAKERS AND DRILLING FLUID SYSTEMS

other oil is the continuous phase. Water addition increases the emulsion
viscosity and oil reduces the emulsion viscosity. The water content ex-
ceeds 5% by volume. See: Oil-Based Drilling Fluid.

Iodine Number The number indicating the amount of iodine absorbed by oils, fats, and
waxes, which yields a measure of the unsaturated linkages present. Gen-
erally, the higher the iodine number, the more severe the destructive
action of the oil on rubber.

Ions Acids, bases, and salts (electrolytes), when dissolved in certain solvents,
especially water, are more or less dissociated into electrically charged ions
or parts of the molecules. This condition is due to loss or gain of elec-
trons. Loss of electrons results in positive charges producing a cation. A
gain of electrons results in the formation of an anion with negative
charges. The valence of an ion is equal to the number of charges borne
by the ion. See.- Anion, Cation.

Irreducible Fraction See: Adsorbed Liquid, Bound Liquid.

Jet Hopper A device, which has a jet that facilitates the addition of drilling fluid
additives to the system. See.- Hopper, Mud Hopper.

Jetting The process of periodically removing a portion of the water, drilling fluid,
and/or solids from the pits, usually by means of pumping through a jet
nozzle to agitate the drilling fluid while simultaneously removing it from
the pit.

Jones Effect The net surface tension of all salt solutions first decreases with an increase
in concentration, passes through a minimum, and then increases as the con-
centration is raised. The initial decrease is called the Jones Effect.

Kelly A heavy, square or hexagonal pipe that passes through rollers in the kelly
bushing on the drill floor to transmit rotational torque to the drill string.

Key Seat A section of a hole, usually of abnormal deviation and relatively soft
formation, which has been eroded or worn by drill pipe to a size smaller
than the tool joints or collars of the drill string. This keyhole type con-
figuration resists passage of the shoulders of these pipe upset (box) con-
figurations when pulling out of the hole.

Kick The term used to express the situation caused when the annular hydro-
static pressure in a drilling well temporarily (and, usually, relatively sud-
denly) becomes less than the formation, or pore, pressure in a perme-
able downhole section. A kick occurs before control of the fluid intrusion
is totally lost. A blow out is an uncontrolled influx of formation fluid into
the wellbore. See.- Blow Out, Kill Fluid.

Kill Fluid A fluid built with a specific density aimed at controlling a kick or blow-
out. See.- Galena.

Kill Line A line connected to the annulus below the blowout preventers for the
purpose of pumping into the annulus while the preventers are closed.

Killing A Well (1) Bringing a well kick under control. (2) The procedure of circulating a
fluid in a well to overbalance formation fluid pressure after the bottom
hole pressure has been less than the formation fluid pressure. See.- Kick,
Blowout, Kill Fluid.