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12 Participatory Approaches 261

12.2.4 Synthesis: A Key Role of the Interaction Pattern
Between Model and Stakeholders

These three categories of expectations have led to specific requests for the devel-
opment of participation in relation to social simulation models. In the following
section, we provide an overview of these techniques. On the basis of the previous
requests, these techniques and methods have to be analysed according to the
following dimensions:
– Set of connections between the participation arena and simulation model: its
structure, its content and organisation of its mobilisation
– Control of the process
– Format of information which can travel from one pole to another: openness and
suitability to the diversity of stakeholders’ competencies.

12.3 A Diversity of Settings

In this section, we describe some examples of participatory techniques and
approaches associated with social simulation models. Settings described in this
overview stem from various fields and disciplines. Most of these have already
produced some reviews on participatory approaches. For the purpose of the
discussion in relation with social simulation, a synthesis of these reviews is provided
here with a focus on the requests identified in the previous section.

12.3.1 From System Science and Cybernetics

Cybernetics and system sciences have produced a first category of simulation
models of social complexity (Gilbert and Troitzsch 1999). These models are based
on tools originating from system dynamics, using specific software. They focus on
flows of resources and information between stocks which can be controlled.
Two main types of interactions between these models and stakeholders have so
far emerged: group model building (Vennix 1996) and management flight simulators
or microworlds (Maier and Grössler 2000).
Group model building experiments focus on the interaction with stakeholders in
the design stage of a modelling process. It associates techniques of system dynamics
modelling with brainstorming tools and other techniques of group work, mainly
based on workshops and meetings. This trend consists of integrating future users
of the model in the design stage. The participants are supposed to be the clients