Page 8 - Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology

CONTENTS

Page

Preface .........................................................................

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1 Introduction ............................................................. 1
The Book and the Course it Follows ......................................... 3
Statistics in Geology ........................................................... 6
Measurement Systems ......................................................... 7
A False Feeling of Security .................................................... 9
Selected Readings ............................................................ 10

2 . Elementary Statistics ............................................. 11
Probability ..................................................................... 11
Continuous Random Variables ............................................... 25
Statistics ...................................................................... 29
Summary Statistics ........................................................... 34
Joint Variation of Two Variables ............................................ 40
Induced Correlations .......................................................... 46
Logratio Transformation ..................................................... 50
Comparing Normal Populations .............................................. 55
Central Limits Theorem ...................................................... 58
Testing the Mean ............................................................. 60
P-Values ....................................................................... 64
Significance .................................................................... 65
Confidence Limits ............................................................. 66
The t-Distribution ............................................................ 68
Degrees of freedom ........................................................ 69
Confidence intervals based on t ........................................... 72
A test of the equality of two sample means ............................... 72
The t-test of correlation .................................................... 74
The F-Distribution ........................................................... 75
F-test of equality of variances ............................................. 76
Analysis of variance ........................................................ 78
Fixed. random. and mixed effects ......................................... 83
Two-way analysis of variance .............................................. 84