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CHAPTER 4 • THE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 101

The organizing function of management can be viewed as consisting of three sequen-
tial activities: breaking down tasks into jobs (work specialization), combining jobs to form
departments (departmentalization), and delegating authority. Breaking down tasks into
jobs requires the development of job descriptions and job specifications. These tools clar-
ify for both managers and employees what particular jobs entail. In The Wealth of Nations,
published in 1776, Adam Smith cited the advantages of work specialization in the manu-
facture of pins:

One man draws the wire, another straightens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a
fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head. Ten men working in this manner can
produce 48,000 pins in a single day, but if they had all wrought separately and inde-
pendently, each might at best produce twenty pins in a day. 11
Combining jobs to form departments results in an organizational structure, span of
control, and a chain of command. Changes in strategy often require changes in structure
because positions may be created, deleted, or merged. Organizational structure dictates
how resources are allocated and how objectives are established in a firm. Allocating
resources and establishing objectives geographically, for example, is much different from
doing so by product or customer.
The most common forms of departmentalization are functional, divisional, strategic
business unit, and matrix. These types of structure are discussed further in Chapter 7.
Delegating authority is an important organizing activity, as evidenced in the old saying
“You can tell how good a manager is by observing how his or her department functions
when he or she isn’t there.” Employees today are more educated and more capable of par-
ticipating in organizational decision making than ever before. In most cases, they expect to
be delegated authority and responsibility and to be held accountable for results. Delegation
of authority is embedded in the strategic-management process.

Motivating
Motivating can be defined as the process of influencing people to accomplish specific objec-
tives. 12 Motivation explains why some people work hard and others do not. Objectives,
strategies, and policies have little chance of succeeding if employees and managers are not
motivated to implement strategies once they are formulated. The motivating function of
management includes at least four major components: leadership, group dynamics, commu-
nication, and organizational change.
When managers and employees of a firm strive to achieve high levels of productivity,
this indicates that the firm’s strategists are good leaders. Good leaders establish rapport
with subordinates, empathize with their needs and concerns, set a good example, and are
trustworthy and fair. Leadership includes developing a vision of the firm’s future and
inspiring people to work hard to achieve that vision. Kirkpatrick and Locke reported that
certain traits also characterize effective leaders: knowledge of the business, cognitive abil-
ity, self-confidence, honesty, integrity, and drive. 13
Research suggests that democratic behavior on the part of leaders results in more pos-
itive attitudes toward change and higher productivity than does autocratic behavior.
Drucker said:
Leadership is not a magnetic personality. That can just as well be demagoguery. It is
not “making friends and influencing people.” That is flattery. Leadership is the lifting
of a person’s vision to higher sights, the raising of a person’s performance to a higher
standard, the building of a person’s personality beyond its normal limitations. 14

Group dynamics play a major role in employee morale and satisfaction. Informal
groups or coalitions form in every organization. The norms of coalitions can range from
being very positive to very negative toward management. It is important, therefore, that
strategists identify the composition and nature of informal groups in an organization to
facilitate strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Leaders of informal
groups are especially important in formulating and implementing strategy changes.