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224 PART 3 • STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION

TABLE 7-8 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Divisional Organizational Structure
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Accountability is clear 1. Can be costly
2. Allows local control of local situations 2. Duplication of functional activities
3. Creates career development chances 3. Requires a skilled management force
4. Promotes delegation of authority 4. Requires an elaborate control system
5. Leads to competitive climate internally 5. Competition among divisions can become so
6. Allows easy adding of new products or regions intense as to be dysfunctional
7. Allows strict control and attention to products, 6. Can lead to limited sharing of ideas and resources
customers, and/or regions 7. Some regions/products/customers may receive
special treatment

Ghoshal and Bartlett, two leading scholars in strategic management, note the following:
As their label clearly warns, divisions divide. The divisional model fragments
companies’ resources; it creates vertical communication channels that insulate
business units and prevents them from sharing their strengths with one another.
Consequently, the whole of the corporation is often less than the sum of its parts.
A final limitation of the divisional design is that certain regions, products, or cus-
tomers may sometimes receive special treatment, and it may be difficult to main-
tain consistent, companywide practices. Nonetheless, for most large organizations
and many small firms, the advantages of a divisional structure more than offset the
potential limitations. 5
A divisional structure by geographic area is appropriate for organizations whose
strategies need to be tailored to fit the particular needs and characteristics of customers in
different geographic areas. This type of structure can be most appropriate for organizations
that have similar branch facilities located in widely dispersed areas. A divisional structure
by geographic area allows local participation in decision making and improved coordina-
tion within a region. Hershey Foods is an example of a company organized using the
divisional by geographic region type of structure. Hershey’s divisions are United States,
Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and Other. Analysts contend that this type of structure may not be
best for Hershey because consumption patterns for candy are quite similar worldwide. An
alternative—and perhaps better—type of structure for Hershey would be divisional by
product because the company produces and sells three types of products worldwide: (1)
chocolate, (2) nonchocolate, and (3) grocery.
The divisional structure by product (or services) is most effective for implementing
strategies when specific products or services need special emphasis. Also, this type of
structure is widely used when an organization offers only a few products or services or
when an organization’s products or services differ substantially. The divisional structure
allows strict control over and attention to product lines, but it may also require a more
skilled management force and reduced top management control. General Motors, DuPont,
and Procter & Gamble use a divisional structure by product to implement strategies. Huffy,
the largest bicycle company in the world, is another firm that is highly decentralized based
on a divisional-by-product structure. Based in Ohio, Huffy’s divisions are the Bicycle
division, the Gerry Baby Products division, the Huffy Sports division, YLC Enterprises,
and Washington Inventory Service. Harry Shaw, Huffy’s chairman, believes decentraliza-
tion is one of the keys to Huffy’s success.
Eastman Chemical established a new by-product divisional organizational structure.
The company’s two new divisions, Eastman Company and Voridian Company, focus on
chemicals and polymers, respectively. The Eastman division focuses on coatings, adhe-
sives, inks, and plastics, whereas the Voridian division focuses on fibers, polyethylene, and
other polymers. Microsoft recently reorganized the whole corporation into three large divi-
sions-by-product. Headed by a president, the new divisions are (1) platform products and
services, (2) business, and (3) entertainment and devices. The Swiss electrical-engineering