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                     form (El-Halwagi, 2006). A fast-developing group at the Malaysian
                     campus of the University of Nottingham has compiled a new book
                     edited by Dominic Foo and his colleagues (Foo, El-Halwagi, and Tan,
                     2010). An overview of capital cost targeting for MEN synthesis was
                     provided by Fraser and Hallale (2000a, 2000b), and the application of
                     Mathematical Programming to MEN synthesis was reviewed by
                     Galan and Grossmann (1999) and Grossmann, Caballero, and
                     Yeomans (1999).
                     Optimization and Optimal Design of Industrial Processes
                     Several books covering these topics were published in the late 1980s
                     and the 1990s. Although much time has passed since then, the basics
                     of optimization are still valid. Texts that are worth mentioning
                     include  Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes (Douglas, 1988),
                     Nonlinear and Mixed-Integer Optimization: Fundamentals and Applications
                     (Floudas, 1995), and  Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design
                     (Biegler, Grossman, and Westerberg, 1997). The book by Bumble
                     (1999) also provides useful information.
                        A series of books have been published on process system
                     engineering, including titles by Seferlis and Georgiadis (2004),
                     Papageorgiou and Geogiadis (2007a, 2007b), Pistikopoulos, Georgiadis,
                     and Dua (2007a, 2007b), and Georgiadis, Kikkinides, and Pistikopoulos
                     (2008). Along with extensive information on process costing, the well-
                     known  Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers  (Peters,
                     Timmerhaus, and West, 2003) contains a wealth of knowledge on
                     optimization methodologies, including P-graph basics.

                     14.1.2  Lecture Notes and Online Teaching Resources
                     Teaching materials and training courses covering the various
                     aspects of PI have been developed for many years at UMIST and
                     The University of Manchester. These materials are based on more
                     than 25 years research and are continuously updated by the Process
                     Integration Research Consortium. The material has been used as a
                     basis for a number of books in the field; for example, some of it was
                     referenced in CPI (2004 and 2005). It also has been supported by
                     such PI software as SPRINT (2009), STAR (2009), WATER (2009), and
                     WORK (2009). The training courses were closely developed with
                     Linnhoff March (1998) to produce Introduction to Pinch Technology,
                     which later developed independently. Another well-known source
                     of teaching materials is  A Process Integration Primer (Gundersen,
                     2000), which provides a comprehensive overview of the period up
                     to year 2000. Teaching materials are also included in  Energy and
                     Process Integration (Georgiadis and Pistikopoulos, 2006).
                        Many other teaching resources have either been developed
                     in-house or been tailor-made for specific fields such as the pulp and
                     paper industry, oil refining industry, and the sugar industry.
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