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Co n t e n t s ix
7 Process Optimization Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.1 Classic Approach: Mathematical Programming 151
7.2 Structural Process Optimization: P-Graphs . . 153
7.2.1 Process Representation via P-Graphs 154
7.2.2 The P-Graph’s Signifi cance for
Structural Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.2.3 The P-Graph’s Mathematical Engine:
MSG, SSG, and ABB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.3 Scheduling of Batch Processes: S-Graphs . . . . 159
7.3.1 Scheduling Frameworks: Suitability
and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7.3.2 S-Graph Framework for Scheduling . . 161
8 Combined Process Integration and Optimization 165
8.1 The Role of Optimization in Process Synthesis 165
8.2 Optimization Tools for Effi cient
Implementation of PI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
8.3 Optimal Process Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
8.3.1 Reaction Network Synthesis . . . . . . . . 167
8.3.2 Optimal Synthesis of Heterogeneous
Flowsheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
8.3.3 Synthesis of Green Biorefineries . . . . . 171
8.3.4 Azeotropic Distillation Systems . . . . . 173
8.4 Optimal Synthesis of Energy Systems . . . . . . 176
8.4.1 Simple Heat Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
8.4.2 Optimal Retrofit Design . . . . . . . . . . . 177
8.5 Optimal Scheduling for Increased Throughput,
Profit, and Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8.5.1 Maximizing Throughput and Revenue 179
8.5.2 Heat-Integrated Production Schedules 180
8.6 Minimizing Emissions and Effluents . . . . . . . 183
8.7 Availability and Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
8.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
9 Software Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
9.1 Overview of Available Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
9.2 Graph-Based Process Optimization Tools . . . 191
9.2.1 PNS Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
9.2.2 S-Graph Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
9.3 Heat Integration Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
9.3.1 SPRINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
