Page 8 - Sustainability in the process industry

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4.2.2 Hierarchy of Process Design . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.3 Performance Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2.4 Heat Recovery Problem Identifi cation 48
4.3 Basic Pinch Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3.1 Setting Energy Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.2 The Heat Recovery Pinch . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.3.3 Numerical Targeting: The Problem
Table Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.3.4 Threshold Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3.5 Multiple Utilities Targeting . . . . . . . . . 61
4.4 Extended Pinch Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.4.1 Heat Transfer Area, Capital Cost, and
Total Cost Targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.4.2 Heat Integration of Energy-Intensive
Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

4.4.3 Process Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.5 HEN Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.5.1 The Pinch Design Method . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.5.2 Superstructure Approach . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.5.3 A Hybrid Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.5.4 Key Features of the Resulting
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.6 Total Site Energy Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.6.1 Total Site Data Extraction . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.6.2 Total Site Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

4.6.3 Heat Recovery via the Steam System . . 99
4.6.4 Power Cogeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.6.5 Advanced Total Site Optimization and
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5 Mass Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.1 Water Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.2 Minimizing Water Use and Maximizing
Water Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2.1 Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2.2 Best Available Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.2.3 Water Footprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.2.4 Minimizing Water Usage and
Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.3 Introduction to Water Pinch Analysis . . . . . . . 113
5.4 Flow-Rate Targeting with the Material
Recovery Pinch Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116