Page 112 - Sustainable Cities and Communities Design Handbook

Chapter 5

Renewable Energy: Scaling

Deployment in the United
States and in Developing

Economies

1
Joseph Kantenbacher , Rebekah Shirley 2,3
1 2
University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom; Power for All, Berkeley, CA, United States;
3
University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Sources and Uses of The Energy Access Gap: Remote and
Energy in the United States 89 Under-grid Populations Not Being
Wind 90 Reached 99
Solar 92 Distributed Renewable Energy
Solar Photovoltaics 93 Solutions: Pivotal to Universal Energy
Solar Thermal 93 Access 100
Geothermal 94 The Habits of Highly Effective
Biopower 95 Markets: Trends Across High-
Marine and Hydrokinetic 96 Performing Countries 102
Advanced Renewables Deployment 97 From the Bottom Up: The Sierra Leone
Renewables and Buildings 97 Success Story 105
Vehicle-to-Grid Systems 97 Conclusions 107
Hybrid Systems 98 References 108
Summary of Scaling Renewables in the Further Reading 109
United States 98

INTRODUCTION TO SOURCES AND USES OF ENERGY IN
THE UNITED STATES
The United States is the largest consumer of energy in the world. In 2016, the
United States consumed nearly 100 quadrillion Btus (quads) of primary
energy, a bit more than one-sixth of the global total for that year. A full 81% of

Sustainable Cities and Communities Design Handbook. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813964-6.00005-7
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 89