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354 Sustainable Cities and Communities Design Handbook

60
Coal
Quadrillion British Thermal Units 40 Nuclear
Oil
50
Hydroelectric
Natural Gas

30
20

10

0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
FIGURE 18.1 Overall China energy production over a 30-year period with predictions from the
next Five-Year Plan. Framework of PRC polices and plans with data from Rob Koepp (Asia
Capital Group).

l Create and develop hybrid technologies, such as coal or biomass
gasification into hydrogen; on-site solar with energy storage, geothermal
and hydrogen, natural gas and solar thermal, among others
l Develop and leverage a workforce capable of becoming one of the
world leaders in energy development and sustainable technologies
l Create collaborations between universities and industry
l Develop an energy base and science parks
l Provide and promote international exchanges and partnerships in
public education, government, and private sector businesses

Unique IMAR and PRC Opportunities
Because the IMAR and PRC are rapidly expanding their energy infrastructures,
they can invest in new technologies without abandoning existing facilities
before the end of their useful lives (stranding recent costs). Clark and Li (2003)
describe the PRC system as “social capitalism.” Concern for society can be
matched with new business enterprises for improving the environment and
climate.
Old, inefficient, or environmentally dirty facilities can be replaced by
newer technologies that are cleaner and more efficient, and this can be done in
harmony with the design of new facilities that look forward to the future
energy needs of the country and region (see California Commission for the
21st Century, Energy Chapter, 2002).
In this way, IMAR can immediately take steps to meet the needs of the
future. National priorities support the targeting of environmental protection
investments, now proposed in the 11th Five-Year Plan, as shown in Table 18.1.
Environment protection as an investment is targeted in the 11th Five-Year