Page 60 - Sustainable On-Site CHP Systems Design, Construction, and Operations

Power Equipment and Systems 39

Combustion Natural Gas Diesel Steam
Technology Turbine Engine Engine Microturbine Fuel Cell Turbine
Size (MW) 1–200 0.05–7 0.05–10+ 0.025–0.25 0.02–0.4 Any
Electric 25–40 (simple) 25–40 30–50 20–30 40–50+ 30–42
Efficiency (%) 40–60
(combined)
Heat Rate 8,500–13,600 9,700– 7,000– 11,300– 7,000– 8,100–
(Btu/kWh) 13,600 11,300 17,000 8,500 11,300
Waste Heat 3,400–12,000 1,000– 1,000– 15,000 500 NA
Recoverable 5,000 5,000
(Btu/kWh)
Waste Heat 500–1,100 500–1,000 180–900 400–650 140–700 NA
Temp for
Recovery CHP
(°F)
Typical Uses Heat, hot Hot water, Hot water, Heat, hot Hot water, LP steam,
of Heat water, LP-HP LP steam, LP steam, water, LP LP-HP † district
Recovery steam, district district district steam steam heating
heating/ heating/ heating/
cooling cooling cooling
Fuels Natural gas, Natural gas, Diesel and Natural gas, H , All
2
biogas, biogas, residual oil biogas, natural
propane, propane propane, gas,
distillate oil distillate oil propane
Fuel Pressure 120–500 1–45 <5 40–100 0.5–45 NA
Required (psi)
NO Emissions 0.3–4 2.2–28 3–33 0.4–2.2 <0.02 NA (from
x
(lb/MWh) the steam
turbine
itself)
Power Density 0.02–0.61 0.22–0.31 0.22 0.15–1.5 0.6–4 <0.1
2
(ft /kW)
Typical Online 90–98 92–97 90–95 90–98 >95 Near 100
Availability (%)
Time between 30,000– 24,000– 25,000– 5,000–40,000 10,000– >50,000
Overhauls 50,000 60,000 30,000 40,000
(hours)
Start-up Time∗ 10 min–1 h 10 s 10 s 60 s 3 h–1 day 1 h–1 day
Noise Moderate Moderate to Moderate to Moderate Low Moderate
high high to high

∗ Note warm up times are significantly longer.
† LP stands for low pressure and HP stands for high pressure.
Source: Adapted from U.S. Department of Energy (1999) (Ref. 5).
TABLE 3-1 Comparison of Typical CHP Prime Mover Technology