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this capacity being located in the Middle East (Qatar) (Chemical Market Reporter, 2004;
IEA, 2004). The conversion efficiency is about 55 percent, with a theoretical maximum
of about 78 percent. Due to the energy loss, this process makes only economic sense for
cheap stranded gas. As the cost for liquefied natural gas transportation declines and demand
increases, the importance or need for such options may also decline.

7.6 REFERENCES

Anderson, L. L. and D. A. Tillman: Synthetic Fuels from Coal: Overview and Assessment, John Wiley
& Sons Inc., New York, 1979.
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Baughman, G. L.: Synthetic Fuels Data Handbook, Cameron Engineers, Denver, Colo., 1978.
Chemical Market Reporter: “GTL could become major chemicals feedstock” Jan. 12, 2004.
Coelho, S. T., S. M. S. G. Velazquez, V. Pecora, and F. C. Abreu: “Energy Generation with Landfill
Biogas,” Proceedings, International RIO 6: World Climate & Energy Event, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
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Elton, A.: In A History of Technology, vol. 4, C. Singer, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, and T. I. Williams
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Hickman, D. A. and L. D. Schmidt: Science, 259, 1993, p. 343.
Howard-Smith, I. and G. J. Werner: Coal Conversion Technology, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge,
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IEA: “World Energy Outloook,” IEA/OECD. Paris, France, 2004.
Mangone, C.: “Gas to Liquids—Conversions Produce Extremely Pure Base Oils,” Machinery
Lubrication Magazine, Independent Lubricant Manufacturers Association (ILMA), Nov., 2002.
Massey, L. G. (ed.): Coal Gasification, Advances in Chemistry Series No. 131, American Chemical
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Michaels, H. J. and H. F. Leonard: Chem. Eng. Progr., 74(8), 1978, p. 85.
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Nowacki, P.: Lignite Technology, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, N.J., 1980.
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VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2006, chap. 12.
Probstein, R. F. and R. E. Hicks: Synthetic Fuels, pH Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1990, chap. 4.
Rostrup-Nielsen, J. R.: “Catalytic Steam Reforming,” in Catalysis: Science and Technology, J. R.
Anderson and M. Boudart (eds.), Springer, New York, 1984.
-Reforming of Methane over Transition Metals.
Rostrup-Nielsen, J. R. and J. H. Bak Hansen: CO 2
Journal of Catalysis, 144, 1993, pp. 38–49.
Rostrup-Nielsen, J. R., J. Sehested, and J. K. Norskov: Hydrogen and Synthesis Gas by Steam- and
CO -Reforming. Advances in Catalysis, 47, 2002, pp. 65–139.
2
Speight, J. G.: The Chemistry and Technology of Coal, 2d ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1994.
Speight, J. G.: Natural Gas: A Basic Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Tex., 2007a.
Speight, J. G.: The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, 4th ed., CRC Press, Taylor and Francis
Group, Boca Raton, Fla., 2007b.
Storch, H. H.: “Synthesis of Hydrocarbons from Water Gas,” in Chemistry of Coal Utilization, vol. 2,
H. H. Lowry (ed.), John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1945, pp. 1797–1845.