Page 12 - Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging for Biomedical Applications

x Co n t e n t s

9.6 Limitations and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

10 Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging of
Microscopic Stress Patterns in
Biomedical Materials Giuseppe Pezzotti . . . . . . . . . 299
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
10.2 Principles of Raman Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . 302
10.3 Raman Effect in Biological and Synthetic
Biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
10.3.1 Spectral Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
10.3.2 PS Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
10.4 Visualization of Microscopic Stress
Patternsin Biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
10.4.1 Micromechanics of Fracture
and Crack-Tip Stress Relaxation
Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
10.4.2 Residual Stress Patterns on
Ceramic-Bearing Surfaces of Artifi cial
Hip Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
10.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

11 Tissue Imaging with Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman
Scattering Microscopy Eric Olaf Potma . . . . . . . . . 319
11.1 From Spontaneous to Coherent Raman
Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
11.2 The Birth of CARS Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
11.2.1 First Generation CARS
Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
11.2.2 Second Generation CARS
Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
11.3 CARS Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
11.3.1 Nonlinear Electron Motions . . . . . . . . 325
11.3.2 Resonant and Nonresonant
Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
11.4 CARS by the Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
11.4.1 Signal Generation in Focus with
Pulsed Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
11.4.2 Photodamaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
11.4.3 CARS Chemical Selectivity . . . . . . . . 328
11.4.4 CARS Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
11.5 CARS and the Multimodal Microscope . . . . . 332
11.6 CARS in Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333