Page 184 - Vogel's TEXTBOOK OF QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

exist the necessary antidotes and treatment procedures should be available and
established before sampling commences." In no instances should naked flames
be allowed anywhere near the sampling area.
Apart from the toxic nature of many gases, the additional hazards are those
of excessive release of gas due to pressure changes, spontaneous ignition of
flammable gases and sudden vaporisation of liquefied gases.
With liquids, dangers frequently arise from easily volatilised and readily
flammable liquids. In al1 cases precautions should be greater than under
normal circumstances due to the unpredictable nature and conditions of taking
samples. The sampler must always be prepared for the unexpected, as can arise,
for example, if a container has built up excess pressure, or if the wrong liquid
has been packed. Toxic and unknown liquids should never be sucked along
tubes or into pipettes by mouth.
Even the sampling of solids must not be casually undertaken, and the operator
should always use a face mask as a protection until it is established that the
powdered material is not hazardous.
It should be borne in mind that sampling of radioactive substances is a
specialist operation at al1 times and should be carried out only under strictly
controlled conditions within restricted areas. In almost al1 instances the operator
must be protected against the radioactive emanations from the substance he is
sampling.
Correct sampling of materials is therefore of importance in two main respects;
firstly to obtain a representative portion of the material for analysis, and secondly
to prevent the occurrence of accidents when sampling hazardous materials.

5.7 REFERENCES FOR PART B

1. W G Gosset 'Student', Biometrika, 1908, 6, 1
2.5 Mandel The Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data, Interscience, New York,
1964
3.C J Brookes, 1 G Betteley and S M Loxston Mathematics and Statistics for
Chemists, John Wiley, New York, 1966, p. 304
4. K Eckschlager Errors, Measurements and Results in Chemical Analysis, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, London; 1969
5.C T Shewell Anal. Chem., 1959,31(5), 21A
6.5 Murdoch and J A Barnes (1970). Statistical Tables for Science, Engineering and
Management, 2nd edn, Macmillan, London, pp. 30-33
7. W J Youden J. Assoc. Off Anal. Chem., 1967, 50, 1007 7 7 m. i;
8. B Kratochvil and J. K. Taylor. Anal. Chem., 1981, 53, WA
9.C R N Strouts, J H Gilfillan and H N Wilson Sampling in Analytical Chemistry:
The Working Tools, Vol 1, Oxford University Press, London, 1955, Chapter 3
10.N Irving Sax (Ed) Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 3rd edn, Reinhold,
New York, 1968
ll.G D Muir (Ed) Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, Royal Institute of Chemistry,
London, 1971

5.8 SELECTED BIBLIOCRAPHY FOR PART B
1.J C Miller and J N Miller Statistics for Analytical Chemistry, 2nd edn, Wiley,
Chichester, 1988
2.C Chatfield Statistics for Technology, 2nd edn, Chapman and Hall, London, 1984