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376 Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial
● By-products. A material that is produced as part of a production process but is not a pri-
mary product of the process. An example is process residue such as slag.
● Scrap metal. Metal parts (e.g., bars, rods, sheets, and wire) which when worn out or no
longer needed, can be recycled.
● Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues,
and spill residues.

Inherently waste-like materials are those which have no other possible fate except disposal. For
example, hazardous waste designated by the numbers F020, F021 F022, F023, F026, and F028 (all
chlorinated hazardous wastes), when they are recycled in any manner, fall into the inherently waste-
like category. The F-listing and other hazardous waste listings are described below.

11.3.2 WHAT IS A HAZARDOUS WASTE
If a solid waste does not qualify for an exemption, it is declared hazardous waste if it is listed by
EPA in 40 CFR Part 261, Subpart D, or if it exhibits any of the four hazardous waste characteris-
tics identified in 40 CFR Part 261, Subpart C. The complete hazardous waste lists are available on
the Internet at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_03/40cfr261_03.html.

11.3.3 EXEMPTIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
The EPA regulations automatically exempt certain solid wastes from the ‘hazardous waste’ desig-
nation under Subtitle C. There are three categories of exclusions: wastes excluded from the defini-
tion of solid waste, wastes excluded from the definitions of hazardous waste, and hazardous wastes
that are partially excluded provided that they are managed in accordance with specific requirements.
Table 11.2 lists the wastes contained under these exclusions.

TABLE 11.2
Exclusions from Subtitle C of RCRA
Excluded from the Solid Waste Excluded from the Hazardous Waste Excluded Materials Requiring
Definition Definition Special Management
Domestic sewage Household wastes Product storage wastes
Mixture of domestic sewage and wastes Agricultural wastes used as fertilizers Waste identification samples
going to POTW
Industrial point source-discharges under Mining overburden returned to site Treatability samples
402 CWA
Irrigation returns flows Discarded wood treated with arsenic Empty containers
Sources, special nuclear, or by-product Chromium wastes Small-quantity generator wastes
material under AEA Underground storage tank cleanup
wastes
In-situ mining waste Specific ore processing wastes Farm wastes (pesticides)
Reclaimed pulping liquors Specific utility wastes
Regenerated sulfuric acid Oil and gas exploration, development,
and production wastes
Secondary materials returned to the Cement kiln dust
original process under certain
conditions
Source: 40 CFR Part 261.4. With permission.