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558 Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial
the new rule. The EPA encourages state adoption of the Universal Waste Rule to encourage
improved management of universal wastes. State adoption facilitates several interstate issues such
as import and export between states. Similar Universal Waste programs among states facilitate the
implementation of regional collection and disposal programs.
If states adopt the rule, they are also allowed to add wastes to their universal waste programs
without their addition to the federal rule. States can also establish requirements that are more strin-
gent compared with the federal regulations. Universal wastes specific to states are listed in Table
18.3, and the overall distribution of state programs is depicted in Figure 18.5.

REFERENCES

Building Green.com. Disposal of fluorescent lamps and ballasts. See http://www.buildinggreen.com/features
/ds/disposal.cfm
Code of Federal Regulations, Volume 40 Part 273, Standards for Universal Waste Management, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2000.
Code of Federal Regulations, Volume 40 Part 279, Standards for the Management of Used Oil, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2000.
Exide Technologies, Battery Recycling and the Environment, 2002.See: http://www.exide.com/about/environ-
ment.html.
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Mercury in Massachusetts: An Evaluation of Sources,
Emissions, Impacts and Controls, June 1996. See: www.state.ma.us/dep/files/mercury/appb.htm.
National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Fluorescent Lamps and the Environment: Mercury Use,
Environmental Benefits, Disposal Requirements, NEMA01BR, Washington, DC, January 2001.
Occupational Health and Safety Administration, No date, Battery Breaking and Separating. See: http://www.
osha.gov/SLTC/etools/leadsmelter/credits.html
Sova, C., and Mueller, H., No date, Battery Recycling Makes Sense in the Second Millennium, Battery
Solutions, Inc. South Brighton, MI. http://www.batteryrecycling.com/.
The Thermostat Recycling Corporation, No date, Answers to Dealer Questions about Recycling Mercury
Containing Thermostats, Rosslyn, VA.
Truesdale, R.S., Beaulieu, S.M., and Pearson, A., Management of used Fluorescent Lamps: Preliminary Risk
Assessment, Research Triangle Institute, Raleigh, NC, May 1993.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, State-Specific Universal Waste Regulations, 2002a. http://www.epa.
gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/id/univwast/uwsum.htm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proposed CRT Rule, 2002b. See: http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/
meeting/pdf02/goode.pdf
Wilson, A., Disposal of Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts, Environmental Building News, Vol. 6, No. 9, October
1997. See: http://www.buildinggreen.com/features/ds/disposal.cfm

FURTHER READINGS AND WEB SITES
California Department of Toxic Substance and Control, Final Regulations: Universal Waste Rule, 2000.See:
http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/LawsRegulationsPolicies/UWR/UWR_final_regs.html
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Compliance Bulletin, Hazardous Waste Universal
Waste Rule, June 2003. See: http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/hm/UWRgeneral.pdf
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Used Fluorescent and High-Intensity-Discharge Lamps as Universal
Wastes, 2003. See: http://www.epa.state.il.us/land/fluorescent-lamps/
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Universal Wastes (Including Electric Lamps) and Lead Acid
Batteries, 2003. See: http://www.michigan.gov/deq/1%2C1607%2C7-135-3585_4130_4192-12659—
%2C00.html
North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance, No date, Fluorescent Lights
and Mercury. See: http://www.p2pays.org/mercury/lights.htm
Wuf Technologies, No date, Capabilities of Recycling Universal Wastes, Concord, NH, See http://www.
wuftech.com/CapabilitiesUniversals.htm