Page 11 - Water Loss Control

Contents ix

9.6 History and Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
9.7 Practical Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
9.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
10 Modelling Water Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
10.2 Top-Down Water Audit Spreadsheet Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
10.3 Component Analysis and Modeling of Apparent Loss . . . . . . 128
10.4 Modeling Components of Real Losses Using Breaks
and Background Estimates Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
10.5 Using BABE Modeling Concepts to Prioritize Activities . . . . . 134
10.6 Modeling Background Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
10.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

11 Controlling Apparent Losses—Capturing Missing Revenue
and Improving Consumption Data Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
11.2 How Apparent Losses Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
11.3 Customer Meter Inaccuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
11.4 Data Transfer and Systematic Data-Handling Errors . . . . . . . . 158
11.5 Unauthorized Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
11.6 The Impacts of Apparent Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
11.7 The Economic Approach to Apparent Loss Control . . . . . . . . . 161
11.8 Developing a Revenue Protection Program to
Control Apparent Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
11.9 Apparent Loss Control: A Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
12 Controlling Apparent Losses—Customer Meter Inaccuracy . . . . . . 171
12.1 Customer Meter Function and Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
12.2 Customer Meter Demographics and Consumption Record . . . 172
12.3 Flow Measurement Capabilities of Customer Water Meters . . . 174
12.4 Customer Meter Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
12.5 Developing the Customer Meter Accuracy Testing Program . . . 181
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

13 Controlling Apparent Losses from Data Transfer Errors
by Leveraging Advanced Metering Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
13.1 The Customer Water Consumption Data
Transfer Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
13.2 Customer Consumption Profi les—Transitioning
from Periodic Customer Meter Readings to Granular
Consumption Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
13.3 Summary: Apparent Loss from Data Transfer Error . . . . . . . . 224
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224