Page 9 - Water Loss Control

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Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The Purpose of This Manual and Its Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Water Loss Control: A Topic of the Twenty-First Century . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 How Much Water Are We Losing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 The Need for Water and Basic Facts about
the Resource Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Historic Water Supply and Milestones
in Water Loss Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 The Occurrence and Impact of Lost Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5 Forces Driving Change in the Way Water Loss
Is Viewed and Managed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.6 What is Being Done Around the World
to Reduce Lost Water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.7 Program Needs and Requirements for Water Loss Control . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Understanding the Types of Water Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1 Defining Water Supplier Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.2 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4 Water Loss Management in the United States and
Internationally—What is Necessary to Control the
Water Loss Problem? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2 Water Loss Management in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3 International Leakage Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.4 The Need for Meaningful Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

5 Steps and Components of a Water Loss Control Program . . . . . . . . . 51
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.2 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Water Loss Assessment—
How Much Water Are We Loosing and Where? . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.3 Determine the Economic Optimum for Your Water Losses . . . . 55

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