Page 180 - Water Loss Control

154 Cha pte r T e n

10.7 Summary
In this chapter, we have shown models and theory covering a variety of different tasks,
which make up a water loss control program.

• Top-down water audit
• Component analysis of apparent losses
• Meter accuracy
• Meter sizing
• Component analysis of real losses
• Pressure management FAVAD and BFF
• Consumption analysis

In all cases, the important factor is the validity of the data being used and the knowl-
edge of the person operating the models. It is necessary that the operator understands the
limitations of the models and the data that they are
using and what impact that may have on the final deci-
sion for intervention, budget allocation, and team When modeling it is impor-
resource. tant to be accountable. Always
If good data is not available, then estimations clearly mark all assumptions
can be used when modeling and 95% confidence and estimations along with
limits can be applied to input components and calcu-
the model goals and outputs.
lated for output results; however, it is important to
carefully note any estimation so that others may
properly interpret the results.

References

1. Lambert, A.O., S. Myers, and S. Trow. Managing Water leakage—economic and technical
issues.: Financial Times Energy. 1998. ISBN 1 94083 011 5
2. Lambert, A., T. G. Brown, M. Takizawa, et al. A review of performance indicators for
real losses from water supply systems. Aqua. 48(6), December 1999.
3. Thornton, J., Garzon, F., and Lambert, A. “Pressure-Leakage Relationships in Urban
Water Distribution Systems.” International Conference on Water Loss Management.
Skopje, Macedonia: ADKOM USAID GTZ, September, 2006
4. Hiki, S. Relationship between Leakage and Pressure. Journal of Japan Water Works
Association, 51(5):50–54, 1981.
5. Thornton, J. Managing Leakage by Managing Pressure. IWA Publishing Water 21 ISSN
1561 9508, October, 2003.
6. May, J. “Leakage, Pressure and Control.” BICS International Conference on Leakage
Control Investigation in Underground: Assets London, 1994.
7. Thornton, J., and Lambert, A. Pressure Management Extends Infrastructure Life and
Reduces Unnecessary Energy Costs. Bucharest, Romania: IWA Water Loss, 2007.
8. Thornton, J., and Lambert, A. “Managing Pressures to Reduce New Breaks.” IWA
Publishing Water 21 Magazine. ISSN 1561-9508, December 2006.