Page 66 - Water Loss Control

48 Cha pte r F o u r

Parameter United States England and Wales Germany
Water Loss Assessment and Leakage Management Performance Indicators
Water audit formats AWWA Manual M36 and Standardized Water Standardized Water
custom audits, IWA/ Audit comparable Audit in accordance
AWWA recommended to IWA/AWWA with IWA/AWWA
Audit used rarely recommended recommended
audit format audit format
Use of audits Overall very limited. Required for all Required for all
Required only by water utilities water utilities
certain states by regulator
Implications of Rather limited overall, Serve as basis for Serve as basis for
water audit results varies by state setting leakage setting leakage
management management and
and performance performance targets
targets
Leakage Percent of system input Volumetric and Volumetric
management volume is mostly used, financial indicators performance
performance although has proven to used in accordance indicators used
indicators be unreliable indicator with IWA
recommendations
Water loss Limited in extent, Extensive and Extensive and detailed
standards detail, and, where detailed: uniformly standards—details
mandated, level enforced by central about enforcement
of enforcement; government not available
regulations vary widely regulator
at the state, regional,
and local levels
Leakage Management Practices
District metered Generally not used A well-established A well-established and
areas to a wide extent and required required practice
practice
Pressure Standard pressure Standard and Standard and
management management is advanced pressure advanced pressure
prevalent—advanced management is management is
pressure management used, a standard used, a standard
used rarely component component of leakage
of leakage management
management
Repair of customer Usually responsibility Company-paid or NA
service connections of customer subsidized for
first or subsequent
leaks

(Source: Ref. 4.)

TABLE 4.1 Comparison of General Characteristics of Water Loss Management Methods and Regulatory
Structures in the United States, England and Wales, and Germany (Continued)