Page 11 - Fluid Power Engineering

Contents ix

Remote Sensing to Measure Wind Speed ........ 105
Pros and Cons of Remote Sensing for Wind
Measurements .................... 106
7 Wind Resource Assessment ................ 111
Introduction .......................... 111
Overview of Wind Resource Assessment ........ 111
Source of Wind Data ..................... 113
Resource Estimation Models ................ 114
Mesoscale Models ...................... 114
CFD Models ....................... 115
WAsP, a Microscale Model .............. 115
Definitions ........................ 115
Phases of Resource Assessment .............. 122
Preliminary Wind Resource Assessment ........ 123
Wind Resource Map Lookup ............. 123
Preliminary Analysis of Data from Neighboring
Airports and Other Met-Towers ........... 125
Detailed Analysis of Wind Data from Neighboring
Airports and Other Met-Towers ......... 125
Onsite Wind Measurement ................. 126
Spatial Extrapolation of Wind Resources from
Measured Locations to Planned Wind Turbine
Locations .......................... 126
Hindcasting/MCP of Measured Data .......... 127
Predict ........................... 133
Annual Energy Computations ............... 145
8 Advanced Wind Resource Assessment ......... 147
Introduction .......................... 147
Extreme Wind Speed (EWS) ................ 148
WAsP Model in Rugged Terrain ............. 151
Wake of Turbines ....................... 153
N.O. Jensen Model for Wake ............. 154
Ainslie’s Eddy Viscosity Model ........... 155
Combining Wind Speed Deficits from
Multiple Turbines .................. 155
Turbulence Modeling ................. 156
Optimal Layout of Turbines in Wind Farm ....... 156
Wind Turbine Class Selection ............... 158
Estimation of Losses ..................... 160
Uncertainty Analysis .................... 164
Estimating Uncertainty of Annual Energy Production:
Framework for Combining Uncertainty ....... 165
Nonbankable versus Bankable Resource Estimates .. 167