Page 13 - Fluid Power Engineering

Contents xi

Single-Line Diagram ..................... 224
Transmission and Distribution .............. 227
Standards for Interconnection ............... 229
Power Factor and Reactive Power .......... 229
Low-Voltage Ride-Through .............. 231
Power Quality: Flicker, and Harmonics ......... 232
Short-Circuit Power .................. 232
Wind Farm Topologies ................... 233
Protection Systems ...................... 236
Grounding for Overvoltage and Lightning
Protection .......................... 237
Lightning Protection .................. 238
Transformers for Wind Applications ........... 239
Wind-Plant Interconnection and
Transmission Study .................... 240
Transmission Bottlenecks .................. 242
SCADA Systems ....................... 242
Data Acquisition .................... 243
Reporting ......................... 243
Control .......................... 244
12 Environmental Impact of Wind Projects ........ 247
Introduction .......................... 247
Framework for Analyzing Environmental Impact .. 248
Context of Environmental Impact .......... 248
Temporal and Spatial Scale .............. 249
Cumulative Effects ................... 249
Quick Comparison of Wind Versus Fossil Fuel–Based
Electricity Production .................. 249
Impact of Wind Farms on Wildlife ............ 250
Noise from Wind Turbines ................. 254
Mitigation of Noise ................... 256
Low-Frequency Noise ................. 257
Shadow Flicker ........................ 258
Aesthetic Impact ....................... 258
Hazard to Aviation ...................... 260
Electromagnetic Interference ................ 261
Microwave ........................ 261
T V and Radio Transmissions ............. 263
Radar ........................... 263
13 Financial Modeling of Wind Projects .......... 269
Introduction .......................... 269
Financial Model ........................ 269
Revenue Model ..................... 269