Page 57 - Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions - M.R. Riazi

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2. CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF PURE HYDROCARBONS 37
1. API: Technical Data Book—Petroleum Refining [2]. The first
chapter of API-TDB compiles basic properties of more than sources for physical property data (http://tigger.uic.edu/
∼mansoori/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property-html/).
400 pure hydrocarbons and some nonhydrocarbons that
are important in petroleum refining. For some compounds In many occasions different sources provide different values
where experimental data are not available, predicted values for a particular property depending on the original source
from the methods recommended by the API are given. of data. Calculated properties such as critical constants and
2. DIPPR: Design Institute for Physical and Property Data acentric factor for compounds heavier than C 18 should be
[19]. The project initially supported by the AIChE began in taken with care as in different sources different methods have
early 1980s and gives various physical properties for both been used to predict these parameters.
hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon compounds important
in the industry. A computerized version of this data bank is 2.2.2 Properties of Selected Pure Compounds
provided by EPCON [20].
3. TRC Thermodynamic Tables—Hydrocarbons [21]. The The basic properties of pure hydrocarbons from different
Thermodynamic Research Center (formerly at the Texas groups that will be used in the predictive methods presented
A&M University) currently at the National Institute of Stan- in the following chapters are tabulated in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.
dards and Technology (NIST) at Boulder, CO, (http://www. The basic properties of M, T M , T b , SG, d 20 , n 20 , T c , P c , V c , Z c ,
trc.nist.gov/) in conjunction with the API Research Project and ω are presented in Table 2.1. Secondary properties of kine-
44 [22] has regularly published physical and basic proper- matic viscosity, API gravity, K W , vapor pressure, aniline point,
ties of large number of pure hydrocarbons. flash and autoignition points, flammability range, and oc-
--`,```,`,``````,`,````,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4. API Research Project 44 [22]. This project sponsored by the tane number are given in Table 2.2. Compounds selected are
API was conducted at Texas A&M University and provides mainly hydrocarbons from paraffins, naphthenes, and aro-
physical properties of selected hydrocarbons. matics that constitute crude oil and its products. However,
5. API Research Project 42 [18]. This data compilation com- some olefinic and nonhydrocarbons found with petroleum
pleted in the 1960s provides experimental data on den- fluids are also included. Most of the compounds are from ho-
sity, refractive index, viscosity, and vapor pressure for mologous hydrocarbon groups that are used as model com-
more than 300 hydrocarbons with carbon number greater pounds for characterization of petroleum fractions discussed
than C 11 . in Chapter 3. The properties tabulated are the basic prop-
6. Dortmund Data Bank (DDB) [23]. This project on physical erties needed in characterization techniques and thermody-
properties has been conducted at the University of Olden- namic correlations for physical properties of petroleum frac-
burg in Germany. DDB contains experimental data from tions. Although there are separate chapters for estimation of
open literature on various thermodynamic properties of density, viscosity, or vapor pressure, these properties at some
pure compounds and some defined mixtures. Data have reference temperatures are provided because of their use in
been programmed in a computer software convenient for the characterization methods given in Chapter 3 and 4. Other
extracting data. Majority of data are on thermodynamic physical properties such as heat capacity or transport prop-
properties, such as vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE), activ- erties are given in corresponding chapters where the predic-
ity coefficients, and excess properties. However, data on tive methods are discussed. Data for more than 100 selected
viscosity, density, vapor pressure, thermal conductivity, and compounds are presented in this section and are limited to
surface tension have also been complied as mentioned in C 22 mainly due to the lack of sufficient experimental data for
their Web site. Unfortunately they have not compiled char- heavier compounds. Data presented in Tables 2.1 and 2.2 are
acteristic data on hydrocarbons and petroleum fractions taken from the API-TDB [2, 22]. Standard methods of mea-
important in the petroleum industry. Also the data on trans- surement of these properties are presented in Chapter 3.
port properties are mainly for pure compounds at atmo-
spheric pressures. Example 2.2—Assume large amount of toluene is poured on
7. The fourth and fifth editions of The Properties of Gases the ground in an open environment at which the temperature
◦
◦
and Liquids [4] also provide various properties for more is 38 C (100 F). Determine if the area surrounding the liquid
than 400 pure compounds (hydrocarbons and nonhydro- surface is within the flammability range.
carbons). However, data in this book have been mainly
taken from the TRC Tables [21]. Solution—From Table 2.2, the flammability range is 1.2–7.1
8. There are also some free online sources that one may use to vol% of toluene vapor. From this table, the vapor pressure of
obtain some physical property data. The best example is the toluene at 38 C is 0.071 bar (0.07 atm). Substituting this vapor
◦
one provided by NIST (http://webbook.nist.gov). Various pressure value in Eq. (2.11) gives the value of vol% = 100 ×
universities and researchers have also developed special on- 0.07/1.0 = 7% of toluene in the air mixture. This number is
line sources for free access to some data on physical proper- within the flammability range (1.2 < 7 < 7.1) and therefore
ties. For example the Center for Research in Computational the surrounding air is combustible.
Thermochemistry (CRCT) of Ecole Ploytechnique Mon-
treal provides online calculational software at http://www. 2.2.3 Additional Data on Properties
crct.polymtl.ca/fact/index.php/. The Center for Applied of Heavy Hydrocarbons
Thermodynamic Studies (CATS) at the University of Idaho
also provides softwares for property calculations at its web- Some data on density, refractive index, and viscosity of some
site (http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/∼cats/). G. A. Man- heavy hydrocarbons are given in Table 2.3. These data are
soori in his personal Web site also provides some online taken from API RP 42 [18]. Values of R i and VGC in the table

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